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Jain, S. (1999) Symbiosis vs. Crowding-Out: The Interaction of Formal and Informal Credit Markets in Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics, 59, 419-444.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030438789900019X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(99)00019-X

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Justification of the Coexistence of Formal and Informal Reciprocal Loans in Developing Countries

  AUTHORS: Jianmei Zhao, Ruihan Liu

  KEYWORDS: Coexistence, Reciprocal Loan, Financing Costs, China

  JOURNAL NAME: Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol.7 No.6, October 31, 2017

  ABSTRACT: This paper provides a new justification for the coexistence of formal and informal reciprocal loans in developing countries. We develop an investment model capable of comparing the financing costs of different financing alternatives. Notably, the reciprocal feature of interest-free loans from friends imposes an agnostic obligation on the borrower and generates implicit financing costs. The diverse financing outcomes hinge on the comparison of the explicit costs of formal loans and the implicit costs of reciprocal loans from friends.