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Hawser, S.P., Norris, H., Jessup, C.J. and Ghannoum, M.A. (1998) Comparison of a 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) Colorimetric Method with the Standardized National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Method of Testing Clinical Yeast Isolates for Susceptibility to Antifungal Agents. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 1450-1452.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Butterflies Extracts Show Antibacterial Activity

  AUTHORS: Reuven Rasooly, Miriam Rothschild, Yael Gov, Paul Wolferstan, Robert Nash, Paula Do, Naomi Balaban

  KEYWORDS: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, British Butterflies, Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrobial

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Microbiology, Vol.7 No.6, June 20, 2017

  ABSTRACT: Extracts of several British butterfly species were tested and shown to possess powerful bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria (tested on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis). The active compounds in the grass-feeding species were identified as hydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) related to loline with nitrogen at C-1. Lolines are known insecticidal and insect-deterrent compounds that are produced in grasses infected by endophytic fungal symbionts. Lolines also increase resistance of endophyte-infected grasses to insect herbivores. The butterfly-isolated pyrrolizidine alkaloids appear to be novel and non-toxic to human cells such as HaCat human skin keratinocytes and Hep-2 human epithelial cells. The discovery of novel agents from butterflies could lead to the development of new antimicrobials.