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Bornstein, R., Safi, J., El-Nahhal, Y., Isaac, J., Rishmawi, K., Luria, M., Mahrer, Y., Ranmar, D. and Weinroth, E. (2001) Transboundary Air-Quality Effects from Urbanization. UJSU Report to USAID-MREC.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Risk Factors among Greenhouse Farmers in Gaza Strip

  AUTHORS: Yasser El-Nahhal

  KEYWORDS: Risk Factors, Insecticides, Acetylcholine Esterase, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

  JOURNAL NAME: Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine, Vol.5 No.1, January 13, 2017

  ABSTRACT: Greenhouse farmers are exposed to many risk factors during work. This paper characterized the risk factors and discussed their health impacts among greenhouse farmers. Risk factors under greenhouse conditions emerged from pesticide application and greenhouse gas emission from soil during day. Risk factors among farmers were determined by recording toxicity symptoms, acute and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study targeted 67 greenhouses in Gaza Strip and found 169 farmers doing many agricultural activities without protective clothes. We documented nine highly toxic insecticides and five moderately toxic fungicides being applied for insect and fungal control. A large number of farmers (55%) revealed that they visited respiratory health clinic quite two to three times a month immediately after insecticide application. About 8.88% (n = 15) of farmers stated that they had unrecoverable lung disease due to working in greenhouses during winter season. Personal health records of farmers showed variety of cholinergic symptoms, severe reduction on acetyl choline esterase activity (ACHE), many cases of COPD and some pneumonia cases. Classification of farmers according to risk factors indicates that 18% of farmers are at high risk due to extreme to insecticides. It is recommended to seasonally investigate the activity of ACHE of greenhouse farmers and to routinely check their chests and lungs to avoid any potential health risk factors due to works in greenhouse environment.