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Giaever, I. and Keese, Ch. (1986) Use of Electric Fields to Monitor the Dynamical Aspect of Cell Behaviour in Tissue Culture. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 33, 242-247.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.1986.325896

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Microcontroller-Based Sinusoidal Voltage Generation for Electrical Bio-Impedance Spectroscopy Applications

  AUTHORS: Juan A. Castro, A. Olmo, Pablo Pérez, A. Yúfera

  KEYWORDS: Sinusoidal Voltage Generator, Electrical Cell-Substrate Impedance Spectroscopy (ECIS), Bioimpedance, Microcontroller (µC), Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Computer and Communications, Vol.4 No.17, December 29, 2016

  ABSTRACT: A sinusoidal voltage wave generator is proposed based on the use of micro-processor digital signals with programmable duty-cycles, with application to real-time Electrical Cell-substrate Impedance Spectroscopy (ECIS) assays in cell cultures. The working principle relies on the time convolution of the programmed microcontroller (μC) digital signals. The expected frequency is easily tuned on the bio-impedance spectroscopy range [100 Hz, 1 MHz] thanks to the μC clock frequency selection. This system has been simulated and tested on the 8 bits μC ArduinoTM Uno with ATmega328 version. Results obtained prove that only three digital signals are required to fit the general specification in ECIS experiments, below 1% THD accuracy, and show the appropriateness of the system for the real-time monitoring of this type of biological experiments.