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McDonald, M., Suleman, O., Williams, S., Howison, S. and Johnson, N.F. (2008) Impact of Unexpected Events, Shocking News, and Rumors on Foreign Exchange Market Dynamics. Physical Review E, 77, Article No. 046110.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.77.046110

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Dynamic Structure of the Global Financial System of Systems

  AUTHORS: Khaldoun Khashanah, Yue Li

  KEYWORDS: Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Minimum Spanning Tree (MST), Financial Systems, System of Systems (SoS), Systemic Risk

  JOURNAL NAME: Modern Economy, Vol.7 No.11, October 20, 2016

  ABSTRACT: Purpose: This paper empirically investigates the structural evolution of global financial systems from the system of systems (SoS) view for eleven countries. The financial SoS consists of eleven countries each of which has its own financial system with relative autonomy. The paper aims to provide a prototype of the structural dynamics of the global financial SoS for the eleven financial entities during different phases of the financial markets. Methodology/Approach: The graph-theoretic approach of minimum spanning trees (MST) is applied on two levels to construct the component level of a subsystem within each country and the systemic level of global financial SoS. An SoS can be viewed as a network of networks (NoN) of financial transactions. The statistical approach of principal components analysis (PCA) is also applied to the systemic level of financial SoS among geographic countries to find the driving factor of variance. Originality/Value: This study provides an empirical quantitative measure of systemic risk and applies it to the global SoS to describe the interconnections and linkages. This paper examines the transmission of risks among the components. The structural dynamics of the SoS is expected to be a function of economic cycles including episodes of economic expansion and contraction. Findings: The average distance of component level MST is found to be lower during an economic contraction and higher during an economic expansion. The systemic level MST of global SoS can successfully reflect the geographic as well as the economic relationship between countries. The model verifies the intuition on natural clusters of Germany-France-Italy and the USA-Canada-UK as implied by the tight economic interconnections in each cluster. The result from PCA shows the USA, UK, and Australia experienced a counter movement compared to other European countries during the Euro debt crisis. The Japan financial system contraction and expansion can be explained by other countries indicating that it does not appear to be the driving factor of global SoS over the period of the data sample.