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Willcox, P.J., Howie, D.W., Shimidt-Rohr, K., Hoagland, D.A., Gido, S.P., Pudjijanto, S., Kleiner, L.W. and Venkatraman, S.J. (1999) Microstructure of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Hydrogels Produced by Freeze/Thaw Cycling. Journal of Polymer Science Part B, 37, 3438-3454.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19991215)37:24<3438::AID-POLB6>3.0.CO;2-9

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Size and Weight Fraction of Solvent Crystals in Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Gel Prepared from Dimethylsulfoxide/Water Solution

  AUTHORS: Takahiko Nakaoki, Hiroyuki Yamashita

  KEYWORDS: Poly (Vinyl Alcohol), Gel, Size of Solvent Crystals, Non-Freezable Solvent, DMSO, DSC

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials, Vol.6 No.2, April 22, 2016

  ABSTRACT: The size and weight fraction of crystals of pure ice or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gel prepared from a mixed solvent of DMSO/water were determined from melting peaks observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The depression of the melting point with respect to the equilibrium melting point and the melting enthalpy gave the crystal size and weight fraction, respectively. The sizes were in the range of a few nm to tens of nm, depending on the composition ratio of the mixed solvent (DMSO/water) and the polymer concentration. Based on the weight fraction, the critical condition at which the whole solvent became non-freezable was estimated, and it was found to depend on both the PVA concentration and the DMSO/water ratio. When the solvent was pure water, the critical PVA concentration was as high as 86.4 wt%, while for pure DMSO solvent it was 50.1 wt%.