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McGovern, P., Luley, P.B., Rovira, N., Mirzoian, A., Callahan, M.P., Smith, K.E., Hall, G.R., Davidson, T. and Henkin, J.M. (2012) Beginning of Viticulture in France. Pnas, 110-25, 10147-10152.

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• TITLE: Geometric Morphometry and Archaeobotany: Characterisation of Grape Seeds (Vitis vinifera L.) by Analysis of Form

  AUTHORS: Claudio Milanesi, Lorenzo Costantini, Marco Firmati, Francesca Antonucci, Claudia Faleri, Ariano Buracchi, Mauro Cresti, Mauro Cresti

  KEYWORDS: Archaeobotany, Grape Seeds, Elliptic Fourier Analysis, Etruscan, Viticulture History

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Access Library Journal, Vol.1 No.3, June 27, 2014

  ABSTRACT: The external profile of seeds is a good phenotypic descriptor, indicative of the origin and diffusion of grape vines (Vitis vinifera L.) over the centuries. Archaeological seeds conserved in an anaerobic environment after discovery were compared with modern seeds, belonging to eleven autochthonous cultivars, sampled in Tuscan vineyards. To study seed profiles we used geometric morphometric analysis (elliptical Fourier analysis) combined with multivariate statistical methods. When the values obtained were entered in a database, they produced a cladogram based on Euclidean distances between varieties of archaeological and modern vines, showing that seeds belonging to the same group had phenotypic affinities.