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Andersson, D.A., Baldinozzi, G., Desgranges, L., Conradson, D.R. and Conradson, S.D. (2013) Density Functional Theory Calculations of UO2 Oxidation: Evolution of UO2+x, U4O9–y, U3O7, and U3O8. Inorganic Chemistry, 52, 2769-2778.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic400118p

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Fabrication of UO2-Gd2O3 Fuel Pellets

  AUTHORS: Balakrishna Palanki

  KEYWORDS: UO 2-Gd 2O 3, Compaction, Sintering, Defects, Structural Chemistry, Diffusion

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Vol.4 No.2, February 1, 2016

  ABSTRACT: The burnable poison Gadolinium oxide was incorporated into UO2 in two of the 36 elements of the fuel assembly in the reload fuel of BWR Units I & II of Tarapur Atomic Power Station. This enabled loading of higher quantities of fuel and achieving a more flattened neutron flux distribution over a longer period of time in the nuclear reactor core. The UO2-Gd2O3 pellets are made by powder pressing and sintering. In the early days of this author’s experience of the 1970s, the processing of UO2-Gd2O3 turned out to be more complex than that of UO2 alone. The small proportion of Gd2O3 in the powder mixture (1.5%) is to be uniformly distributed in the UO2 before and after sintering and substitutional solid solution formation must be complete prior to densification. The inadequacy of homogeneity in the powder and pressed pellets leads to severe defects in the sintering process. In this paper, the processing of U2-Gd2O3 has been revisited. The defects in the product such as “free gadolinia”, low sintered density and bloating, caused by improper processing, have been brought out. The structural defect chemistry aspects of UO2-Gd2O3 and diffusion processes relevant to sintering have also been discussed.