TITLE:
Conditioned Intake and Fattening/Diabetes
AUTHORS:
Mario Ciampolini
KEYWORDS:
Even Energy Balance, Initial Hunger, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Insulin Resistance, Fattening
JOURNAL NAME:
Open Journal of Preventive Medicine,
Vol.5 No.12,
December
23,
2015
ABSTRACT: Background: Obesity, diabetes, asthma, autism, birth defects, dyslexia, attention deficit-hyperactivity
disorder, and schizophrenia have increased in children in the last half century. The will
(decision) to eat develops often when previous energy intake has been incompletely exhausted.
Objective: The will to eat develops after stimuli (often external) that do not correlate with energy
availability in blood. Training a relation between hunger sensations (Initial Hunger, IH) and Blood
Glucose (BG) as an index of energy availability allows an IH Meal Pattern that is associated with
low mean BG and insulin sensitivity. Lack of any relation between the will to eat and the energy
availability is a widespread error that may be responsible of health deterioration in children as
well as in adults. Methods: After meal suspension and with synchronous blood glucose (BG) measurements,
we taught patients to distinguish hunger sensations that are conditioned from those
that arise after meal suspension (Initial Hunger, IH). This hunger (after meal suspension) signals a
complete exhaustion of previous intake and is appropriate for meal onset to obtain meal-by-meal
fasting nutrient levels and low BG prior to the next meal and establish an even balance. This pattern
has been termed the Initial Hunger Meal Pattern (IHMP). Results: In contrast with untrained
control subjects, trained subjects accurately recognized IH by synchronous BG measurements. We
report here the identification of Initial Hunger (the subjective limit), the daily adjustments to
three arousals for weeks and months, the diffusion of the error in untrained child and adult population,
the validations of the IH and BG assessments and the improvements of 18 parameters by
IHMP. Conclusion: The will to eat develops as a conditioned event and this conditioned will causes
positive energy imbalance and insulin resistance/fattening. The imbalancing will to eat may be
corrected by becoming aware of differences between the conditioned sensations of hunger and the
sensations that develop after meal suspension.