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Vallius, M., Janssen, N.A.H., Heinrich, J., Hoek, G., Ruuskanen, J., Cyrys, J., Van Grieken, R., Hartog, J.J., Kreyling, W.G. and Pekkanen, J. (2005) Sources and Elemental Composition of Ambient PM2.5 in Three European Cities. Science of the Total Environment, 337, 147-162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.018

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Elemental Composition of PM2.5 in Araraquara City (Southeast Brazil) during Seasons with and without Sugar Cane Burning

  AUTHORS: Flavio Soares Silva, Ricardo Henrique Moreton Godoi, Romà T auler, Paulo Afonso de André, Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva, Rene van Grieken, Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi

  KEYWORDS: Sugar-Cane Burning, PM2.5, Individual Particle Analysis, EDXRF, Cluster Analysis, Principal Components Analysis

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol.6 No.5, May 4, 2015

  ABSTRACT: Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter below 2.5 μm (PM2.5), present in polluted air, has been associated with a large spectrum of health impairments, mainly because of its deep deposition into the lungs. Araraquara City (Southeast Brazil) is surrounded by sugar-cane plantations, which are burned to facilitate the harvesting; this process causes environmental pollution due to the large amounts of soot that are released into the atmosphere. In this work, the elemental composition of PM2.5 was studied in two scenarios, namely in sugar-cane harvesting (HV) and in non-harvesting (NHV) seasons. The sampling strategy included one campaign in each season. PM2.5 was collected using a dichotomous sampler (10 L·min-1, 24 h) with PTFE filters. Information concerning the bulk elemental concentration was provided by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Enrichment factor analysis indicated that S, Cl, K, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were highly enriched relative to their crustal ratios (to Al). Principal component analysis was used to get some insight about the sources of the elements. Principal component 1 (PC1) explained 30.5% of data variance. The elements that had high loading (>0.7) were: S, Cr, As, and Pb; these are associated with combustion of fossil fuels. In principal component 2 (PC2), Cl, Cu, Zn, and Cd showed high loadings; these elements are associated with biomass burning. The Ni concentration found is three times larger than the threshold of risk for lung cancer, as recommended by the World Health Organization.