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Michael, B., De Cusatis, C.M., Enoch, J.M., Lakshminarayanan, V., Li, G.F., MacDonald, C., et al. (2010) Biological Waveguides. In: Bass, M., Ed., Handbooks of Optics, 3rd Edition, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 8.11-8.12.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Mode-Field-Diameter and the Coupling Loss between Inner and Outer Segment of Photoreceptors

  AUTHORS: Anhui Liang, Leiting Hu, Zhimin Liang

  KEYWORDS: Photoreceptor, Mode-Field-Diameter, Spot Size Converter, Coupling

  JOURNAL NAME: Optics and Photonics Journal, Vol.5 No.4, April 30, 2015

  ABSTRACT: The characteristics of optical waveguide of human photoreceptors play important roles in vision. The mode-field-diameter (MFD) is a very important parameter of a single-mode waveguide, and it is related to many important optical characteristics of a single-mode waveguide. Here we show that MFDs of outer segments of human foveal cones are close to the minimum values at their geometric diameter for outer segments of foveal cones. Small MFD of outer segment is important for eyes to have high spatial resolution and low interaction between neighboring cones. We propose that the ellipsoids of foveal cones act as spot size converters to reduce the coupling losses between myoids and outer segments.