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Kariuki, S., Revathi, G., Muyodi, J., Mwituria, J., Munyalo, A. and Mirza, S. (2004) Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Typhoid Outbreaks in Kenya. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, 1477-1482.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.4.1477-1482.2004

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Dissemination of Salmonella bacilli through Carriers and Domestic Water Sources in Enugu Urban/Peri-Urban of Nigeria

  AUTHORS: Clara I. Eleazar, Iniekong P. Philip, Bryan O. Ogeneh

  KEYWORDS: Salmonella, Carriers, Water

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Microbiology, Vol.5 No.4, April 24, 2015

  ABSTRACT: Salmonella bacilli infection has remained an important health problem in the developing world. The transmission of S. typhi most often occurs through food and water, which have been contaminated by faeces from carriers and infected humans. Prevalence of carriers is a factor in transmission. The population under study lacked access to clean and safe water. Patients practiced self medication with inadequate dosing leading to relapsing infections and chronic carrier state. With this, there is a need to determine the actual dissemination index of the salmonella organism in the locality. The isolation from stool, blood and water samples were made using enrichment broths and selective media. Identification of isolates was carried out using standard methods. Characterization was done using O and H polyvalent sera. The total number of infected subjects within the 15 household was 22 (36.7%) among whom 10 (16.7%) were confirmed carriers. The total number/percentage infected by carrier contact was 9 (39.1%). Consumption of well water gave rise to the highest (60.0%) attack rate of typhoid fever infection. The continuance exposure to contaminated water source could be consistent to incessant and relapsing typhoid fever attacks in exposed individuals. Chronic carriers pose great risk to other members of the household, therefore regular screening is required.