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Junta Nacional de Planificación y Coordinación Económica (JNPC) (1963). El aprovechamiento de la tierra y el mar, Tomo II, Reforma a la Estructura de Tenencia de la Tierra y Expansión de la Frontera Agrícola, Capitulo II, Colonización. Quito: JNPC.

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• TITLE: Ethnicity, Labor and Indigenous Populations in the Ecuadorian Amazon, 1822-2010

  AUTHORS: Robert Wasserstrom, Teodoro Bustamante

  KEYWORDS: Amazon, Ecuador, Ethnogenesis, Indians, Population

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Anthropology, Vol.5 No.1, February 2, 2015

  ABSTRACT: According to most recent research, Indians in Ecuador’s Amazonian region (the Oriente) lived outside of modern markets and political systems until around 40 years ago. But this view obscures the essential role of indigenous labor in earlier cycles of extractivism and exploitation. Beginning in the 18th century, lowland Quichua and other ethnic groups were defined as much by their place within long-distance economic networks as they were by their languages or cultures. Using newly discovered historical records and other sources, we can now reconstruct the ebb and flow of commodity booms in Amazonian Ecuador and their impact on indigenous populations.