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U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2013) Executive Order 1636: Improving Critical Infrastruc- ture, Department of Homeland Security Integrated Task Force, Incentives Study. Washington DC.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Externalities and the Magnitude of Cyber Security Underinvestment by Private Sector Firms: A Modification of the Gordon-Loeb Model

  AUTHORS: Lawrence A. Gordon, Martin P. Loeb, William Lucyshyn, Lei Zhou

  KEYWORDS: Economics of Information Security, Cyber Security Investment

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Information Security, Vol.6 No.1, January 7, 2015

  ABSTRACT: Cyber security breaches inflict costs to consumers and businesses. The possibility also exists that a cyber security breach may shut down an entire critical infrastructure industry, putting a nation’s whole economy and national defense at risk. Hence, the issue of cyber security investment has risen to the top of the agenda of business and government executives. This paper examines how the existence of well-recognized externalities changes the maximum a firm should, from a social welfare perspective, invest in cyber security activities. By extending the cyber security investment model of Gordon and Loeb [1] to incorporate externalities, we show that the firm’s social optimal investment in cyber security increases by no more than 37% of the expected externality loss.