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Maxwell, A.D., Owens, G., Gurm, H.S., Ives, K., Myers Jr, D.D. and Xu, Z. (2010) Noninvasive treatment of deep venous thrombosis using pulsed ultrasound cavitation therapy (histotripsy) in a porcine model. Journal of Vascular Interventional Radiology, 22, 369-377. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2010.10.007

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Temperature estimation of focused ultrasound exposures for stroke treatment

  AUTHORS: Venediktos Hadjisavvas, Christakis Damianou

  KEYWORDS: Ultrasound; Stroke; Temperature

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Vol.4 No.5, May 17, 2011

  ABSTRACT: Introduction: In this paper a simulation model for predicting the temperature during the application of focused ultrasound (FUS) for stroke treatment using pulsed ultrasound is presented. Materials and methods: A single element spherically focused transducer of 5 cm diameter, focusing at 10 cm and operating at either 0.5MHz or 1MHz was considered. The power field was estimated using the Khokhlov-Zabolot-skaya-Kuznetzov (KZK) model. The temperature was estimated using the bioheat equation. The goal was to extract the acoustic parameters (frequency, power, and duty factor) that maintain a temperature increase of less than 1oC during the application of a pulse ultrasound protocol. Results: It was found that the temperature change increases linearly with duty factor. The higher the power, the lower the duty factor needed to keep the temperature change to the safe limit of 1oC. The higher the frequency the lower the duty factor needed to keep the temperature change to the safe limit of 1oC. Finally, the shallow the target, the lower the duty factor needed to keep the temper-ature change to the safe limit of 1oC. The simulation model was tested in brain tissue during the application of pulse ultrasound and the measured temperature was in close agreement with the simulated tem-perature. Conclusions: This simulation model is con-sidered to be very useful tool for providing acoustic parameters (frequency, power, and duty factor) dur-ing the application of pulsed ultrasound at various depths in tissue so that a safe temperature is main-tained during the treatment. This model will be tested eventually during stroke clinical trials.