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Nishiyama, A., Matsui, M., Iwata, S., Hirota, K., Masutani, H., Nakamura, H., Takagi, Y., Sono, H., Gon, Y. and Yodoi, J. (1999) Identification of Thioredoxin-Binding Protein-2/Vitamin D3 Up-Regulated Protein 1 as a Negative Regulator of Thioredoxin Function and Expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 21645-21650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.31.21645

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• TITLE: The Effect of Antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 and Metabolites of Sodium Phenylbutyrate on Gene Expression in Glioblastoma Multiforme

  AUTHORS: Stanislaw R. Burzynski, Sonali S. Patil

  KEYWORDS: Glioblastoma, Antineoplastons, Phenylbutyrate, Gene Expression, Pathways, Cell Cycle

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Cancer Therapy, Vol.5 No.10, September 4, 2014

  ABSTRACT: Antineoplastons are peptide and amino acid derivatives that occur naturally in the human body. They inhibit the growth of neoplastic cells without growth inhibition of normal cells. Phenylacetylglutaminate (PG) is an active ingredient of antineoplastons A10 and AS2-1 (ANP) and is also a metabolic by-product of phenylbutyrate (PB). The formulation of antineoplaston AS2-1 is a 4:1 mixture of phenylacetate (PN) and PG. Antineoplaston A10 is a 4:1 mixture of PG and isoPG. This study investigates the molecular mechanism of action of PG and PN. The Human U87 glioblastoma (GBM) cell line was used as the model system in this study. A total human gene array screen using the Affymetrix Human Genome plus 2.0 oligonucleotide arrays was performed using mRNA derived from U87 cells exposed to PG and PN. Pathway analysis was performed to allow the visualization of effect on metabolic pathways and gene interaction networks. Our preliminary results indicate that PG and PN interrupt signal transduction in RAS/MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathways, interfere with cell cycle, decrease metabolism and promote apoptosis in human U87 GBM cells. The effect on multiple cellular pathways and targets, suggests that ANP and PB are promising candidates for clinical studies in GBM.