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The spherical approximation means that the effective potential in Equation (3) is approximated into the central field, i.e., . For instance, see, J. C. Slater, “Quantum Theory of Atomic Structure,” McGraw-Hill, NY, Vol. 1, 1960.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: A Scheme for Calculating Atomic Structures beyond the Spherical Approximation

  AUTHORS: Mitiyasu Miyasita, Katsuhiko Higuchi, Masahiko Higuchi

  KEYWORDS: Nonspherical Distribution Of Electrons, Spherical Approximation, Orbital Polarization, Atomic Structure, Carbon Atom

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Modern Physics, Vol.2 No.5, May 17, 2011

  ABSTRACT: We present a scheme for calculating atomic single-particle wave functions and spectra with taking into ac-count the nonspherical effect explicitly. The actual calculation is also performed for the neutral carbon atom within the Hartree-Fock-Slater approximation. As compared with the conventional atomic structure of the spherical approximation, the degenerate energy levels are split partially. The ground state values of the total orbital and spin angular momenta are estimated to be both about unity, which corresponds to the term P3PP in the LS-multiplet theory. This means that the nonspherical effect may play an essential role on the description of the magnetization caused by the orbital polarization.