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Regen, S.L. and Besse, J.J. (1979) Liquid-Solid-Liquid Triphase Catalysis. Consideration of the Rate-Limiting Step, Role of Stirring, and Catalyst Efficiency for Simple Nucleophilic Displacement. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 101, 4059-4063.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00509a008

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Triphase Catalysis Based on Gemini Surfactant-Clay Intercalates

  AUTHORS: Nahid Shabestary, Derek T. Rensing, Danielle N. Reed, Alex F. Austiff, Mark D. Cox

  KEYWORDS: Triphase Catalysis; Gemini Surfactant; Intercalation Reaction; Nucleophilic Displacement; Montmorillonite; Phase Transfer Catalysis

  JOURNAL NAME: Modern Research in Catalysis, Vol.3 No.2, March 18, 2014

  ABSTRACT: A series of novel catalysts was developed using cationic Gemini surfactants intercalated in natural montmorillonite (MMT) clay. These Gemini surfactant-MMT intercalates were used to study the kinetics of a nucleophilic displacement reactions converting n-butyl bromide to n-butyl chloride in a triphase catalytic (TC) system. Most reaction rates compared favorably to those of biphase catalytic reactions where Gemini surfactants were used in the absence of MMT. Catalytic activity varied with Gemini surfactant structure, specifically with carbon spacer group and side chain length. In addition to the ease of catalyst separation that a triphase system affords, Gemini-MMT catalysts are stable and can be recycled and re-used several times.