TITLE:
The Effects of Smoking on Periodontal Therapy: An Evidence-Based Comprehensive Literature Review
AUTHORS:
Mahmoud Abu-Ta’a
KEYWORDS:
Smoking; Cigarette Smoking; Periodontal Therapy; Regeneration; Implants
JOURNAL NAME:
Open Journal of Stomatology,
Vol.4 No.3,
March
13,
2014
ABSTRACT: The positive relationship between smoking and major general health diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease and negative pregnancy outcomes is already established. Moreover, the association between smoking as a major environmental risk factor for periodontal disease has also been established. Smoking is considered to have negative adverse effect on periodontal therapy ranging from non-surgical treatment, periodontal surgery, regenerative procedures and implants. This review article will attempt to build on previous studies in the periodontal literature in order to present an evidence-based comprehensive literature review on the effects of smoking on periodontal therapy.