TITLE:
Reconsideration of the “Out of Africa” Concept as Not Having Enough Proof
AUTHORS:
Anatole A. Klyosov
KEYWORDS:
Y-Chromosome; mtDNA; Mutations; Haplotypes; Haplogroups; STR; SNP; Out-of-Africa; Into-Africa; SHV-1 (Simplex Herpes Virus)
JOURNAL NAME:
Advances in Anthropology,
Vol.4 No.1,
January
27,
2014
ABSTRACT: This is an overview of the “Out of Africa” (OOA)
concept and the concept is based upon experimental data. The article shows that
said concept is based on data which are—as a rule—interpreted by the OOA proponents
in a one-sided manner, that is to “prove” the OOA concept. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup
tree in its most ancient part includes a number of nodes-haplogroups, which in the
current classification are named A0-T, A1, and A1b. Bearers of those haplogroups
are not identified in Africa or elsewhere. However, those three haplogroups are
assigned by the proponents of the OOA “by default” to be the “African” haplogroups,
which “automatically” makes all non-Africans “African descendants”. In fact, each
of the three haplogroups represents a split into African and non-African haplogroups.
As a result, the evolution (Y-chromosomal) tree produced at least five waves of
migrants to Africa (haplogroups A00, A0, A1a, A1b1, and B), while the rest of the
tree consists of four non-African (by origin) haplogroups, that is A0-T, A1, A1b,
and BT, along with the downstream subclades of the latter. The tree is confirmed
by the analysis employing STR (Short Tandem Repeat) and SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)
mutations of the Y-chromosome. Indeed, according to many data, the tree shows a
deep split between African and non-African (by origin) lineages. The last split,
from haplogroup A1b (into African A1b1 and non-African—by origin—B) occurred 160,000
± 12,000 years before present. Haplogroup B is by origin a non-African haplogroup,
which is very distant—time-wise—from haplogroups A, by at least 250 - 300 thousand
years, and could not possibly have descended from haplogroups A1a or A1b1, or their
subclades. A similar pattern is observed with the mtDNA haplogroup tree, which shows
a deep split between African L0 and non-African (by origin) haplogroups L1-L6. The
article shows how recent OOA studies (as well as earlier ones) employ biased interpretations
to artificially “prove” the OOA concept. The article shows that the same data can
be—and more justifiably—interpreted as incompatible with the OOA concept, and giving
support for a “into Africa” concept. It seems that from times of Neanderthals (seemingly
having pale skin and fair hair, based on the identified Neanderthal MCR1 melanocortin
receptor), our ancestors, of both Africans and non-Africans current populations,
lived outside of Africa, apparently in Eurasia or maybe in Europe.