TITLE:
Reviewing Self-Injuries Behavior in Macaques: The Role of Early Experience and Genetics in an Integrated Non-Human Model
AUTHORS:
Juan D. Molina, Mario de la Calle Real, Alfonso Ramos Ruiz, Francisco López-Muñoz, Maria José Muñoz Algar, Cristina Andrade-Rosa, Francisco Toledo-Romero
KEYWORDS:
5-HTT; Primates; Allelic Variation; Diathesis-Stress Model; Self-Injurious Behavior; SIB
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science,
Vol.4 No.1,
January
24,
2014
ABSTRACT: Genetic differences in non-human primates and the context where they were reared are
important in the determination of their behaviors. Some studies suggest that Self-Injurious Behavior results
from stress or anxiety, but some macaques appear to be more vulnerable
to acquiring
Self-Injurious Behavior. Vulnerability and risk for socially reared macaques of
developing Self-Injurious Behavior increased when they experienced early adverse
events and suffered from consequent stress. Stressful events can cause alterations
in the neuroendocrine and neuropeptide systems associated with the regulation of stress and anxiety. Dysregulation in these systems contributes
to the occurrence of anxious episodes that lead to self-harm. This could be used by those animals to counteract the effects of anxiety, causing euphoria by releasing endogenous opioids.
In developing an integrative approach of Self-Injurious Behavior, we propose the diathesis-stress model to illustrate how the
environment and genetics are influenced as well, taking rhesus monkeys as an example.
Rhesus macaques and humans have essentially the same gene
5-HTT as well as functional polymorphism. The allelic variation in the region promoting
the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) was associated with significant differences
in the number of depressive symptoms and contributions to social reward and punishment.
Growing up without the mother and the rearing environment are important risk factors for developing abnormal behaviors. The
main idea is that monkeys who carry short 5-HTT allele and are
reared with their peers (without their mother) suffer from neurobiological