TITLE:
The effects of smoking on periodontal disease: An evidence-based comprehensive literature review
AUTHORS:
Mahmoud Abu-Ta’a
KEYWORDS:
Smoking; Periodontitis; Periodontal Disease; Tobacco; Cigarette Smoking
JOURNAL NAME:
Open Journal of Stomatology,
Vol.4 No.1,
January
22,
2014
ABSTRACT: The direct link between smoking, lung diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease and poor pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage
and low birth weight, has been extensively studied. In the past three decades,
there has also been an increasing awareness of the impact of smoking on
periodontal disease. Smoking is considered the major environmental risk factor
in the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal disease. This review
article will attempt to build on previous studies in the periodontal literature
in order to present an evidence-based comprehensive literature review on
the effects of smoking on periodontal disease.