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Krall, E.A., Garvey, A.J. and Garcia, R.I. (1999) Alveolar bone loss and tooth loss in male cigar and pipe smokers. Journal of the American Dental Association, 130, 57-64.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: The effects of smoking on periodontal disease: An evidence-based comprehensive literature review

  AUTHORS: Mahmoud Abu-Ta’a

  KEYWORDS: Smoking; Periodontitis; Periodontal Disease; Tobacco; Cigarette Smoking

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Stomatology, Vol.4 No.1, January 22, 2014

  ABSTRACT: The direct link between smoking, lung diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease and poor pregnancy outcomes, such as miscarriage and low birth weight, has been extensively studied. In the past three decades, there has also been an increasing awareness of the impact of smoking on periodontal disease. Smoking is considered the major environmental risk factor in the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal disease. This review article will attempt to build on previous studies in the periodontal literature in order to present an evidence-based comprehensive literature review on the effects of smoking on periodontal disease.