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K. Terui, S. Enosawa, S. Haga, H. Q. Zhang, H. Kuroda, K. Kouchi, et al., “Stat3 Confers Resistance against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Oxidative Injury in Hepatocytes through Upregulation of Mn-SOD,” Journal of Hepatology, Vol. 41, No. 6, 2004, pp. 957-965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep. 2004.08.019

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• TITLE: SYK as a New Therapeutic Target in B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

  AUTHORS: Fatih M. Uckun, Sanjive Qazi

  KEYWORDS: STAT3; SYK; Kinase; Phosphorylation; Apoptosis; Leukemia; Nanomedicine

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Cancer Therapy, Vol.5 No.1, January 17, 2014

  ABSTRACT: The identification of SYK as a master regulator of apoptosis controlling the activation of the PI3-K/AKT, NFκB, and STAT3 pathways—three major anti-apoptotic signaling pathways in B-lineage leukemia/lymphoma cells—prompts the hypothesis that rationally designed inhibitors targeting SYK may overcome the resistance of malignant B-lineage lymphoid cells to apoptosis and thereby provide the foundation for more effective multi-modality treatment regimens for poor prognosis B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BPL). In recent preclinical proof-of-concept studies, a liposomal nanoparticle (LNP) formulation of a SYK substrate-binding site inhibitor, known as C61, has been developed as a nanomedicine candidate against poor prognosis and relapsed BPL. This nanoscale formulation of C61 exhibited a uniquely favorable pharmacokinetics and safety profile in mice, induced apoptosis in radiation-resistant primary leukemic cells taken directly from BPL patients as well as in vivo clonogenic BPL xenograft cells, destroyed the leukemic stem cell fraction of BPL blasts, and exhibited potent in vivo anti-leukemic activity in xenograft models of aggressive BPL. Further development of C61-LNP may provide the foundation for new and effective treatment strategies against therapy-refractory BPL.