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Zatonski, W.A., Przewozniak, K., Lowenfels, A.B., Boyle, P., Maisonneuve, P., Bueno de Mesquita, H.B., Ghadirian, P., Jain, M., Przewozniak, K., Baghurst, P., Moerman, C.J., Simard, A., Howe, G.R., McMichael, A.J., Hsieh, C.C. and Walker, A.M. (1997) Epidemiologic aspects of gallbladder cancer: A case-control study of the SEARCH program of the international agency for research on cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 89, 1132-1138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/89.15.1132

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Adenocarcinomas of the gallbladder from United States patients demonstrate less frequent molecular change for several genetic markers than other intra-abdominal cancers

  AUTHORS: Peter Zauber, Stephen Marotta, Marlene Sabbath-Solitare

  KEYWORDS: Gallbladder Carcinoma; Molecular Genetic Changes; KRAS Mutation; GNAS Mutation; BRAF Mutation; Microsatellite Instability; Loss of Heterozygosity

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol.3 No.8, December 26, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Context: The incidence of gallbladder cancer is quite low in the US, with an estimate (2013) for new cases of less than 10,000. The rarity suggests a possible shared molecular pathology that might facilitate a greater understanding of this tumor. Objective: We wished to assess the molecular genetic profile of this tumor, particularly KRAS gene mutations, which are frequent in tumors associated with chronic inflamemation elsewhere within the abdomen. Design: We ascertained 25 cases of gallbladder adenocarcinoma from our pathology department records for 2000-2012. PCR based techniques were used to evaluate the DNA for loss of heterozygosity of the APC and DCC genes; for point mutations in the KRAS gene, codons 12 and 13; for point mutation in the BRAF gene, codon 600; for point mutation in the GNAS gene, codon 201; and for microsatellite instability. Results: Patients included 5 males and 20 females. Approximately three-quarters of cases were associated with gallstones, inflammation and dysplasia. Microsatellite instability and GNAS mutation, both present in just 4% of cases, and BRAF mutation present in no cases, do not appear to be significant parts of carcinogenesis of gallbladder carcinoma. We detected a KRAS gene mutation in only 8% of the cases. Loss of heterozygosity for the APC was detected in 16.7% of informative cases; and for the DCC gene, in 34.8% of informative cases. Conclusions: Many molecular genetic changes frequently seen with tumors arising from other intra-abdominal organs are infrequent in this tumor type. In particular, KRAS mutations were uncommon, in contra-distinction to other malignant tumors developing in the setting of chronic inflammation/infection.