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L. M. Niccolai, C. Russ, P. J. Julian, S. Hariri, J. Sinard, J. I. Meek, V. McBride, L. E. Markowitz, E. R. Unger, J. L, Hadler and L. E. Sosa. “Individual and Geographic Disparities in Human Papillomavirus Types 16/18 in High-Grade Cervical Lesions: Associations with Race, Ethnicity, and Poverty,” Cancer, Vol. 119, No. 16, 2013, pp. 3052-3058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28038

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: The Social Ecology of Cervical Cancer: The Challenges to Pap Smear Screening

  AUTHORS: Annekathryn Goodman

  KEYWORDS: Cervical Cancer; Pap Smear; Screening; Social Ecology

  JOURNAL NAME: International Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol.4 No.12A, December 24, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Cervical cancer is a preventable disease. The risk factors for the development of cervical cancer include both biologic factors and social factors. In the United States, the leading risk factor for the development of cervical cancer is not having a Pap smear for five years prior to the diagnosis of cancer. In low and middle income countries, cervical cancer incidence and mortality are directly related to the lack of both screening programs and cancer treatment facilities. This paper examines the social ecology of cervical cancer. The literature is reviewed on social and cultural barriers to access to health care and its effect of cervical cancer rates and outcomes.