TITLE:
A further review of the genetic and phenotypic nature of diabetes mellitus
AUTHORS:
Graham Wilfred Ewing, Igor Gennadyevich Grakov
KEYWORDS:
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS); Physiological Systems; Mathematical Modelling; Blood Glucose; Diabetes; Genotype; Phenotype; Sensory Input; Visual Perception; Colour Perception
JOURNAL NAME:
Case Reports in Clinical Medicine,
Vol.2 No.9,
December
20,
2013
ABSTRACT: Background: The
organs in the body function in coherent organ networks. These organ networks
are commonly known as physiological systems. Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure and
pH exhibit the characteristics of neurally regulated Physiological Systems. Any
medical condition, such as diabetes, has origins which are due to systemic
dysfunction. This influences the genetic expression of proteins and the rate at
which such expressed proteins subsequently react. Increased levels of acidity
influence the levels of available minerals, protein conformation, and hence the
rate at which expressed proteins such as insulin and leptin react or function.
This is particularly significant in diabetes etiology where a deficiency of
insulin and insulin-“resistance” are significant features of type 1 and type 2
diabetes. Proteins such as Insulin absorb and emit light. Moreover, the
spectrum and intensity of the bioluminescence emitted from glycated proteins
(which are more significantly bioluminescent) influence colour perception.
Accordingly, changes to the diabetic’s colour perception can be used as the
basis of a cognitive screening technique which is able to quantify the
influence of genotype and phenotype. This may have significant advantages over
current biomarker techniques which are not able to satisfactorily determine the
earliest onset ofdiabetes or
distinguish between the symptomatic and presymptomatic onset of diabetes. Such
methodology, based upon the properties of proteins, i.e. effectively, the rate at which proteins are expressed and the
rate at which such expressed proteins subsequently react, allows the clinician
to quantify genotype and phenotype and may contribute to a greater understanding
of the processes responsible for what are commonly known as type 1 and type 2
diabetes. The aim of this article is to highlight the limitations of the
current techniques used to diagnose diabetes and to highlight, at least from
the theoretical perspective, the significance of the autonomic nervous system
and physiological systems; in particular, how changes to colour perception are
related to the function and/or stability of the autonomic nervous system; and
how such phenomena can be used diagnostically. This article discusses this
method—a mathematical model
of the autonomic nervous system and physiological systems—which has been incorporated into the prototype
technology Virtual Scanning; and in conclusion, illustrates how Diabetes
appears to be a problem of acidity and consequently of mineral deficiency. It
outlines how genotype and phenotype are both significant factors in the
regulation of Blood Glucose, i.e.
type 1 diabetes is predominantly genetic and is associated with hypoglycaemia
whilst type 2 diabetes is due to environmental or phenotypic cause and is
associated with hyperglycaemia. Both can occur simultaneously and hence explain
why someone with type 2 diabetes may be prescribed insulin, i.e. in order to quantify the extent of
a pathology such as diabetes mellitus and/or any other common pathology, it appears necessary
to quantify the influence of genotype (genetic capacity) and phenotype
(physiological demand). Accordingly the categorisation of diabetes as type 1
and type 2 may be misleading.