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Hatcher, R.A. and Guillebaud, M.A. (1998) The pill: combined oral contraceptives. In: Hatcher, R.A., Trussell, J., Stewart, F., et al., Eds., Contraceptive Technology, Ardent Media, New York, 405-466.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Suppressed response to hormonal contraceptives in women of Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan

  AUTHORS: Yasmeen Faiz Kazi, Sobia Saleem, Nasreen Kazi

  KEYWORDS: Contraceptive; Women; Response

  JOURNAL NAME: Health, Vol.5 No.11, November 15, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Objective: Contraception has gained gradual popularity in many parts of the developing world including Pakistan. Despite this increase in acceptance, the birth rate remains high. Failure of contraception has been reported in the literature, which made us aim to conduct this study. The efficiency of hormonal contraceptives in the study area was assessed and this is the first report from Pakistan. Methods: A total of 200 women (aged 20-30 and 31-40 years; n = 100 each) with minimum consistent use of hormonal contraceptives in the form of pills (Combined oral contraceptives) for 12 months were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were collected from women of each age group and corresponding control groups (n = 100) from local hospitals and reproductive health service center. Serum levels of the fertility hormones viz leutinizing and follicle stimulating hormones were measured through ELISA technique. Results: Our data revealed that over all in the both age groups, 72% women had normal, 16% increased and 12% showed decreased levels of leutinizing hormone (p > 0.05) and 67% women showed normal, 33% showed decreased and no increased levels were found for follicle stimulating hormone (p > 0.05). No age-wise significant difference in response was observed among both the age groups tested. Conclusion: Statistically insignificant difference in serum leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone seen among both the age groups of hormonal contraceptive users and control group indicates less effective hormonal contraception response in the study area.