Effects of replacement of soya bean meal by bambara nut sievate on the carcass and organ parameters of finisher broiler chicks

doi:10.4236/ojas.2011.13012

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Vol.1, No.3, 93-96 (2011)

doi:10.4236/ojas.2011.13012

Open Journal of Animal Sciences

Effects of replacement of soya bean meal by bambara

nut sievate on the carcass and organ parameters of

finisher broiler chicks

B. U. Ekenyem1, Brendan I. Odo2*

1Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P. M. B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria;

2Department of Animal/Fisheries Science and Management, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B. 01660,

Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Received 25 June 2011; revised 29 August 2011; accepted 12 September 2011.

ABSTRACT

Eighty 4-weeks old broiler chicks (Anak 2000

strain) were used in a 28 days feeding trial to

determine the effects of replacement of soya

bean meal (SBM) by bambara nut sievate (BNS)

on the carcass and organ characteristics of fin-

isher broiler chicks. BNS replaced soya bean

meal by w eight for weight at levels 0%, 5%, 10 %

and 15% for treatments 1,2, 3 and 4; re spectiv ely

which were replicate d four times in a comp letely

randomized design. Feed and potable water

were supplied ad libitum to the birds. Also, ap-

propriate medication, sanitation and other stan-

dard management practices were strictly adopt-

ed. At the 28th day, one bird was randomly

picked from each replicate, starved of food for

24 hours and then slaughtered and eviscerated

for carcass and organ evaluation. Weights were

measured with digit al weighing scale. Result s of

analysis of variance of carcass parameters

showed significant (P < 0.05) difference in the

final live weight, carcass weight and dressed

weight. Birds on 0% BNS and 5% BNS were not

statistically different (P > 0.05) in the values

above but only varied with birds on 10% and

15% BNS. Other carcass parameters were simi-

lar (P > 0.05) in value between treatments. The

liver, heart, gizzard and intestine significantly

varied (P < 0.05) between their treatments. How-

ever, kidney values did not differ significantly.

From the results, it appeared that 5% BNS in-

clusion is optimal for carcass and organ char-

acteristics of finisher broilers.

Keywords: Bambara Nut Sievate; Soya Bean Meal;

Broiler; Carcass

1. INTRODUCTION

High cost of feed is a recurring limitation to mono-

gastric animal production in Nigeria which has been

rated at 70 - 80 percent of total cost of production [1].

Consequently, the cost of poultry production is so high

that the products are so dear and unaffordable by con-

sumers thus, predisposing Nigerians to abject animal

protein malnutrition. Reference [2] has further blamed

this nutritional adversity on geometric increase in the

Nigeria human population without a commensurate in-

crease in livestock production, over-dependence on im-

ported livestock products, ignorance, inadequate techni-

cal skills, diseases and parasitism, environmental stress

and high cost of ingredients. Also, the competition be-

tween man and livestock for feed grains [3,4,5] and in-

adequate production of farm crops to meet human and

livestock needs [6] have been implicated as re mote causes

of poor animal protein intake among Nigerians. Conse-

quently, the fight to reduce the cost of poultry production

becomes critically urgent in order to salvage Nigerians

from the scourge of sub-optimal animal protein intake

and malnutrition.

Soya bean meal is widely used as source of protein for

poultry because of its ability to produce indispensable

amino acids, high digestibility and low toxic substances.

However, it is very exp ensive. BNS a cheaper ingredient

with seemingly good nutritional po tentials may therefore

be considered for replacement of soya bean meal.

References [7] and [2] have defined bambara nut

sievate as a by-product from the processing of bambara

nut into its flour for human use. They further stated that

BNS has no direct food use by man and are also care-

lessly disposed within and around the processing plants

and thus constitute environmental pollutants. However,

recent studies have confirmed their potentials as feed in-

gredient in poultry production, reducing the cost of pro-

ducts and making them affordable to consumers [8].

B. U. Ekenyem et al. / Open Journal of Anim al Sciences 1 (2011) 93-96

This study is done to determine the effect of replacing

soya bean meal by bambara nut sievate on the carcass

and organ characteristics of finisher broiler.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Location and Experimental Birds

The experiment was conducted at the Poultry unit of

Imo State University Teaching and Research Farm, Ow-

erri, Nigeria. The site is located between longitudes

700I10611E and 700310011E and latitudes 502812411N and

503010011N.

Ninety six day–old broiler chicks of Anak 2000 strain

were purchased from Cejap Livestock Enterprises, Ow-

erri, Nigeria. The birds were brooded in a deep litter

house while commercial starter feed (Top brand) and

potable water were offered ad libitum. Hygienic meas-

ures such as cleaning and disinfection, routine deworm-

ing and vaccinations against New castle disease and In-

fectious bursal disease were also carried out. The com-

position of the experimental diets is as shown in Table 2.

At 4 weeks of age, eighty clinically healthy birds were

selected and shared into four treatment diets, T1, T2, T3

and T4 having 0, 5, 10 and 15% toasted BNS replacing

SBM weight for weight which were replicated four times

in a completely randomized design. Standard broiler

management practices were strictly adhered too.

2.2. Procurement and Toasting of BNS

The bambara nut sievate was procured from a bam-

bara groundnut processing mill at Nkwogbe market,

Ihiala, Anambra State, Nigeria. The sievate was derived

by grinding whole seeds of bambara groundnut and

sieving it through 3.5mm sieve. It was further toasted

over fire for 10 minutes using a toasting Aluminum pan

at 50 - 55˚C temperature. The product gradually turned

brown in colour, producing desirable aroma. Sample of

toasted bambara nut sievate was analysed at the Animal

Nutrition laborary, Federal University of Technology,

Owerri, Nigeria to determine its proximate composition

according to AOAC (1995). Result of the analysis is as

shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Proximate analysis of toasted BNS.

Nutrients Composition %

Moisture 9.91

Crude protein 15.75

Crude fibre 6.75

Ether extract 4.75

Ash 1.95

Nitrogen free extract 60.89

Gross energy Kcal/kg 1478.63

The proxi mate analysis was the basis fo r calculating the nutrient co ntent of

the various treatment diets.

Table 2. Composition of the experimental diets.

Ingredients Treatments % BNS

T1(0%) T2(5%) T3(10%) T4(15%)

Maize 35 35 35 35

Groundnut cake 15 15 15 15

Soya bean meal 15 10 5 0

Bambara nut sievate0 5 10 15

Wheat offal 9 9 9 9

Palm kernel cake 10 10 10 10

Fish meal 9 9 9 9

Blood meal 3 3 3 3

Bone meal 3 3 3 3

Salt 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

* Vitamin premix 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Total % 100 100 100 100

Calculated nutrient content

Crude protein 25.43 24.12 22.81 21.49

Crude fibre 4.87 4.88 4.89 4.90

Ether extract 19.69 19.75 19.82 19.88

Calcium 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17

Phosphorus 0.27 0.24 0.19 0.18

Lysine 1.17 1.10 1.03 0.95

Methionine 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33

ME(Kcal/kg) 2708.532647.46 2586.392525.32

2.3. Experimental Design

Eighty 4-weeks old broiler chicks selected from the

brooded population were randomly assigned to four die-

tary treatment groups of T1, T2, T3, T4 containing 0%,

5%, 10% and 15% BNS respectively, which replaced

soya bean meal weight for weight. The treatments were

also replicated four times in a completely randomized

design.

2.4. Data Collection

At the end of the 4 weeks experimental period, sixteen

birds were randomly picked one from each replicate,

starved of food for 24 hours and slaughtered.This meas-

ure was to decongest the intestine and avoid its bursting

during processing which could introduce faecal matters

into the stomach. Their individual live weights were

measured before they were slaughtered by severing their

B. U. Ekenyem et al. / Open Journal of Anim al Sciences 1 (2011) 93-96

jugular vein with a sharp knife. The birds were well b led

and dipped in hot water for 2 minutes, and the feathers

subsequently plucked.

The carcass were then eviscerated, removing the gut

system—the organs and the intestine. They were weig-

hed separately and recorded as organ weights. The heads

and shanks were cut and their weights recorded.

Dissection of the wings and breast were made by sev-

ering the lumeoscapular joint with cut being made close

to the body and by cutting laterally through the head to

the shoulder girdle respectively. Also, dissection of the

drumstick was made and individual weights determined

and expressed as percentage of dressed weight.

2.5. Statistical Analysis of Data

Data collected during the study were subjected to

analysis of variance [10]. Significantly (P < 0.05) dif-

ferent means were separated using the Duncan’s Multi-

ple Range Test as outlined by [11].

3. RESULTS

Results of carcass parameters of the birds (Table 3)

shows that 10% and 15% BNS replacement signifi-

cantly (P < 0.05) reduced live weight gain, carcass

weight and dressed weight, However, treatment means

of head and shank, wings, thigh and breast region were

similar (P > 0.05).

Results of organ weights of the experimental finisher

broilers (Tab le 4) shows significant difference between

treatments of liver, heart, gizzard and intestine. Howev er,

kidney values were similar (P > 0.05) between treat-

ments. Weights of liver, heart, and intestin e reduced (P <

0.05) with increasing levels of BNS. On the other hand,

the weight of gizzard increased (P > 0.05) with increase-

ing levels of BNS.

4. DISCUSSION

Results of the carcass parameters showed significant

differences (P < 0.05) between treatments for the live

weight, carcass weight and dressed weight, but head and

shank weigh t, wings, thigh and breast region had similar

treatment values (P > 0.05). There was a consistent re-

duction in the valu es of parameters as the inclusion lev el

of BNS increased. However, treatments 0% BNS and

Table 3. Carcass parameters of the birds fed varying levels BNS.

Treatments

Parameters T1(0%) T2(5%) T3 (10%) T4 (15%)

Final live weight (kg) 1.85a ± 0.01 1.83a ± 0.04 1.68b ± 0.02 1.65b ± 0.01

Carcass weight (kg) 1.75a ± 0.02 1.73a ± 0.01 1.65b ± 0.04 1 .56b ± 0.01

Dressed weight (kg) 1.33a ± 0.02 1.30a ± 0.03 1.23b ± 0.04 1.15b ± 0.03

Dressing percentage (%) 76.00a ± 0.06 75.14a ± 0.05 74.55a ± 0.05 73.72a ± 0.04

Head and shank (kg) 0.15a ± o.0.01 0.15a ± 0.02 0.15a ± 0.01 0.15a ± 0.01

Wings (kg) 0.22a ± 0.01 0.22a ± 0.01 0.21a ± 0.02 0.20a ± 0.01

Thigh (kg) 0.44a ± 0.04 0.42a ± 0.06 0.41a ± 0.07 0.04a ± 0.03

Breast region (kg) 0.25a ± 0.04 0.25a ± 0.05 0.23a ± 0.03 0.23a ± 0.04

a,b:Means on the same row having different superscript letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Table 4. Organ parameters of the birds fed varying levels BNS.

Treatments

Parameters T1(0%) T2(5%) T3(10%) T4(15%)

Liver (g) 41.50a ± 0.02 41.48a ± 0.04 41.00b ± 0.03 40.10c ± 0.03

Kidney (g) 1.40a ± 0.03 1.40a ± 0.04 1.38a ± 0.04 1.37a ± 0.05

Heart (g) 7.95a ± 0.06 7.90a ± 0.07 7.50b ± 0.09 7 .50b ± 0.06

Gizzard (g) 65.50c ± 0.04 65.50c ± 0.01 66.70b ± 0.02 68.50a ± 0.01

Intestine (g) 91.80a ± 0.01 91.15a ± 0.02 89.45b ± 0.01 85.00c ± 0.04

a,b, Means on the same row having different superscr ipt letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). c:

B. U. Ekenyem et al. / Open Journal of Anim al Sciences 1 (2011) 93-96

5% BNS were observed to be similar (P > 0.05) in all the

carcass parameters.

The result partly varies with that of [7] who reported

increase in carcass values with up to 10% inclusion of

BNS which declined afterwards with increasing values.

Also the carcass weights 1.75 kg, 1.73 kg, 1.65 kg and

1.56 kg for treatments 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% BNS re-

spectively reflected a direct relationship with the live

weights (Table 3). The results of dressed weight, 1.33,

1.30, 1.23 and 1.15 kg varied significantly (P < 0.05).

The dressed weight of birds fed 0% BNS weighing 1.33

kg were similar to birds fed 5% BNS which weighed

1.30 kg but significantly varied from those fed 10% BNS

with 1.23 kg which in turn was significantly (P < 0.05)

heavier than bird s fed 15% BNS which weig hed 1.15 kg.

This finding agreed with that of [7] who stated that

eviscerated weight of birds fed BNS followed same pat-

tern as final body weight. The dressing percentage of

76.00%, 75.14%, 74.55% and 73.72% for values on

birds fed 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% BNS respectively also

revealed similarity with the results on live weight, car-

cass weight and dressed weight. This result appears to

agree with [12], who stated that the distribution of mus-

cle is influenced by total carcass muscle and not by nu-

tritional treatment. This is typical o f the results on wings,

thigh and breast r egion s, thoug h no sign if ican t difference

(P > 0.05) was realized. Reference [13] had also stated

that eviscerated weight and weight of broiler carcass

changes as brewers dried grain, corn brain or palm ker-

nel cake increased in diets. This is likely because of in-

creasing levels of crude fibre with increasing levels of

BNS in the diets [9,7]. Thus, results sh ow that 5% inclu-

sion of BNS is optimum considering the outstanding

performances of this treatment relative to the control.

This however differs from [7] mainly because of age

difference of the birds as they used older birds (layers),

who had higher capacity to digest the increasing fibre

levels for which 10% leve l was their optimum.

The results of organ weights (Table 4) showed that

the weights of liver 41.50, 41.48, 41.00 g and 41.10 for

treatments 0, 5, 10 and 15% BNS respectively differed

significantly (P < 0.05) between treatments while those

of 0 and 5% were similar (P > 0.05). Values of the kid-

ney, heart and intestine followed same trend as they re-

duced with increasing levels of BNS. Higher weights

were however observed for gizzard which is attributable

to muscle expansion arising from the stress of chunning

of food materials.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Varying levels of BNS in diets of finisher broilers sig-

nificantly (P < 0.05) affect the values of carcass and or-

gan parameters. From the result, it appears that 5% level

of inclusion of BNS is optimal for carcass and organ

parameters of finisher broiler chicken.

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