A Study on Preparation and Use of Nano Poly Pyrrole and Nano Poly (3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Coated Glassy Carbon Electrode For The Determination of Antihistamine in Pharmaceutical and Urine Sample

doi:10.4236/msa.2011.28128

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Materials Sciences and Applicatio n, 2011, 2, 957-963

doi:10.4236/msa.2011.28128 Published Online August 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/msa)

957

A Study on Preparation and Use of Nano Poly

Pyrrole and Nano Poly

(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Coated Glassy

Carbon Electrode for the Determination of

Antihistamine in Pharmaceutical and Urine

Sample

Balathandapani Muralidharan1*, Gopalakrishnan Gopu2, Saraswathy Laya1, Chinnapiyan Vedhi3,

Paramasivam Manisankar2

1Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, U.A.E; 2Department of Indus-

trial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Tamilnadu, India; 3Department of Chemistry, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tamilnadu, India.

Email: *bmuralidharan.b[email protected]

Received September 25th, 2010; revised December 30th, 2010; accepted May 17th, 2011.

ABSTRACT

Pheniramine maleate (PA), an antihistamine, was determined by Differential Pulse Stripping voltammetry using nano

polypyrrole (Ppy) and nano po ly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) modified glassy carbon electrodes. The cyclic

voltammetric behavior of pheniramine was studied in aqueous acidic, neutral and alkaline cond itions. One well-defined

oxidation peak was ob served in the cyclic voltammograms at a ll pHs. The influence of pH , scan rate and concentration

revealed irreversible electron transfer and the oxidation was diffusion controlled adsorption. The SEM analysis con-

firmed good accumulation of PA on the electrode surface. A systematic study of influence of various experimental pa-

rameters that affect the stripping voltammetric response was carried out and the maximum peak current conditions

were arrived at. Calibration was made under maximum peak current conditions. The range of study was 0.05 to 0.4



g/mL on Ppy/GCE and 0.025 to 0.4



g/mL on PEDOT/GCE and the lower limit of determination were 0.035



g/mL on

Ppy/GCE and 0.016



g/mL on PEDOT/GCE. The suitability of the method for the determination of PA in pharmaceu-

tical preparations and urine samples was also ascertained.

Keywords: Pheniramine ma leate, Cyclic voltammetry, Stripping voltammetry, Nano polypyrrole, Nano poly

(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

1. Introduction

Pheniramine maleate (PA), an antihistamine used to treat

allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria, has

relatively strong sedative effects. Because of this, the

determination of PA becomes important. High-perfor-

mance liquid chromatographic method for the quantita-

tive determination of PA in plasma has been developed

and validated by El-Sayed et al. [1]. Stability tests

showed that PA was stable for at least 3 weeks in plasma

after freezing. The chromatographic determination of

antihistaminic drugs, loratadine and PA from human se-

rum was also developed [2]. Thin-layer chromatography

densitometry was used to separate, identify and quant ate

chlorpheniramine maleate and PA when present in com-

bination with other drugs in pharmaceutical preparations

of tablets, syrups, eye and ear drops, etc. [3]. A new

chemiluminescence method, using flow injection, was

described for the determination of diphenhydramine hy-

drochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate [4].

Several high performance liquid chromatographic

procedures have been developed for the determination of

chloropheniramine maleate in commercial pharmaceuti-

cal preparations [5-7] and derivative spectrophotometry

A Study on Preparation and Use of Nano Poly Pyrrole and Nano Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Coated Glassy Carbon

958

Electrode for the Determination of Antihistamine in Pharmaceutical and Urine Sample

[7-9]. A micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method

has also been described for simultaneous determination

of paracetamol and chlorpheniramine maleate [10]. High-

pressure liquid chromatograph using an intermediate

polarity column was reported for the determination of

four antihistamines such as brompheniramine maleate,

chlorpheniramine maleate, PA and pyrilamine maleate in

combination has been discussed. The potentiation of

apomorphine-induced gnawing by antihistamines might

depend upon the reciprocal balance between dopaminer-

gic and cholinergic systems. High-pressure liquid chro-

matographic determination of methscopolamine nitrate,

phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, pyrilamine maleate,

and pheniramine maleate in tablets was also developed.

Enantioselective determination of PA in pharmaceuticals

by capillary electrophoresis with charged cyclodextrin

was studied by Peter Mikus et al. [11]. Analysis of enan-

tiomers in biological matrices by charged cyclodextrin-

mediated capillary zone electrophoresis in column-arrange-

ment with capillary sotachophoresis has been discussed

[12]. Cyclodextrin-mediated capillary isotachophoresis in

cationic regime of the separation has also been developed

for the separation and quantitation of alkylamine antihis-

tamine dimethindene and pheniramine enantiomers in

various pharmaceutical preparations [13]. Simultaneous

determination of pseudoephdrine, pheniramine, guaifen-

isin, pyrilamine, chlorpheniramine and dextromethorphan

in cough and cold medicines by high performance liquid

chromatography has been reported [14]. Recently aceta-

minophen, caffeine and chlorpheniramine maleate in tab-

let formulations has been simultaneously determined by

simple HPLC method [15].

In the past decades, conducting polymer modified

electrodes have received great attention due to their ex-

cellent characteristics, including high stability and selec-

tivity, good reproducibility and conductivity, more active

sites and good homogeneity [16-18]. They are widely

applied in many areas, such as molecule or ion recogni-

tion [16], electrocatalysis [19], electron transfer [20]. The

modified electrode was characterized by electrochemical

method [21] and the method proposed was successfully

applied to the determination of phenylephrine and chlor-

prothixene in drug injections or tablets and proved to be

reliable compared with ultraviolet spectrophotometry.

The application of conjugated polymers as sensor has

been exploited as active sensing elements by coupling

ligands to the backbone. Here, the binding of an analyte

results in physical distortion or changes in electron den-

sity, there by altering conductivity [22].

Nanomaterials of conjugated polymers are found to

have superior performance relative to conventional mate-

rials due to their much larger exposed surface area [23].

Shamsipur et al. has been studied nano-structured con-

ducting polymer and its application to the design of reli-

able scaffolds for impedimetric biosensors [24]. Ad-

vancement of in the design of innovative microbicide

nanocarriers and nano-enabled microbicides has also

been discussed [25].

Electrochemical methods have proved to be highly

sensitive for the analysis of drugs in pharmaceutical

formulations and human body fluids owing to the sim-

plicity, low cost and relatively short analysis time as

compared to the other routine analytical techniques in-

cluding chromatography. Perusal of literature reveals that

there are no publications concerning the electroanalytical

determination of pheniramine maleate in pharmaceutical

formulations. Therefore, the aim of the present investiga-

tion is to investigate the voltammetric behavior of phen-

iramine maleate in an attempt to develop a simple and

reliable electrochemical method for its determination in

pharmaceutical formulations and human urine.

2. Experimental

2.1. Apparatus and Reagents

EG&G M 273A Electrochemical Analyzer—Princenton

Applied Research Corporation (PARC) was employed

mainly for carrying out electroanalytical studies. The

pheniramine (PA) was purchased from SIGMA and used.

The stock solution was made up in double distilled

TKA-LAB purified water. For the electrochemical stud-

ies, Britton Robinson buffers, 0.1 mol·dm–3 KOH, KCl

and H2SO4 were used as the medium for the analysis. 3,

4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (Bayer), Pyrrole (AR-Merck)

and tetra butyl ammonium perchlorate (Sigma) were used

for electropolymerisation.

2.2. Procedure

Purging of nitrogen was done for analyte solution placed

in the electrochemical cell of 15 ml capacity for 20 min-

utes under stirred conditions. Various voltammograms

were recorded while nitrogen gas was blanketed. To get

reproducible results, great care was taken in the electrode

pretreatment. The glassy carbon electrode was pretreated

in two ways: mechanical polishing over a velvet mi-

cro-cloth with an alumina suspension and electrochemi-

cal treatment by applying a potential of 1.5 V for 2 sec-

onds.

2.3. Preparation of Nano Polypyrrole Coated

Glassy Carbon Electrode (Ppy/GCE)

Polypyrrole films were deposited on GCE by the elec-

trooxidation of 0.1 M pyrrole in acetonitrile containing

0.1 M tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate at 0.0 to 0.90 V

A Study on Preparation and Use of Nano Poly Pyrrole and Nano Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Coated Glassy Carbon 959

Electrode for the Determination of Antihistamine in Pharmaceutical and Urine Sample

(vs. Ag/AgCl) applied potential [26,27]. Thickness of the

films was controlled by number of cycles and 0.1 thick

films were used in all cases.

2.4. Preparation of Nano Poly

(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Coated Glassy

Carbon Electrode (PEDOT/GCE)

Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films were deposited

on GCE by the electrooxidation of 0.01 M 3,4-ethylene-

dioxythiophene in acetonitrile containing 0.1M tetrabutyl

ammonium perchlorate (TBAP). The polymerisation of

this monomer was carried out voltammetrically by giving

multi cycle in the potential range between –0.2 and 1.2 V

at 50 mV/s using Ag/AgCl reference electrode [28].

Thickness of the film was controlled colulometrically

and 0.1 thick films were used in all cases. The SEM

photograph reveals the deposition of nano size (100 nm)

PEDOT on GCE.

Care was taken to remove the coating and clean the

glassy carbon electrode after every experiment in 1:1

HCl/water and 1:1 H2O2/acetic acid mixture before usual

surface treatment. Nitric acid (6 M) solution was used to

clean the cell.

The electrode stability of polypyrrole, PEDOT modi-

fied electrode is of prime importance in these studies.

The electrode was prepared quickly and found to be sta-

ble in the medium. It showed slight decrease in peak

current after 15 days of its preparation and thus it is

recommended that it should not be used after 15 days

because the peak current values start decreasing. The

response time of the electrode was very fast and all

measurements were carried out easily and quickly.

3. Results and Discussions

3.1. Effect of pH

Effect of pH was studied in detail by choosing thirteen

different pH conditions between 1.0 to 13.0. The pH of

the supporting electrolyte has a significant influence on

the electrooxidation of pheniramine at the modified elec-

trodes. The peak potential and the current were measured

by recording cyclic voltammograms at different pHs at a

sweep rate, 100 mV/s on nano Ppy/GCE and PE-

DOT/GCE. The peak potentials showed decreasing trend

with pH (Figure 1) while the peak current showed in-

creasing trend with pH (Figure 2). Since the protonated

substrate is oxidised at basic media, the maximum peak

current was observed only at pH 13.0. Because of the

low energy requirement and high electron transfer rate at

pH 13.0, it was considered as the most suitable pH for

the electroanalytical studies of pheniramine.

100

120

140

160

180

0 2 4 6 8101214

ip(A)

Ppy

PEDOT

Figure 1. Plot of peak current vs. pH on two different elec-

trodes.

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 2 4 6 8101214

E(mV)

Ppy

PEDOT

Figure 2. Plot of peak potential vs. pH on two different

electrodes.

3.2. Electrochemical Studies of Drug on

Modified Electrode

A representative cyclic voltammogram is presented in

Figure 3 on polymer modified GCE. The plot of peak

current vs scan rate (showed linear relationship. A

straight line with better correlation coefficient was ob-

tained when plotting ip vs square root of suggesting dif-

fusion-controlled adsorption of PA on both electrodes.

Another correlation of log peak current with log scan rate

resulted in straight line and slope value obtained is

0.4817 for Ppy and 0.4833 for PEDOT. These values are

closer to 0.5 confirming diffusion controlled adsorption.

There was no counter peak in the reverse scan and n

value was fractional. Increase in the concentration of PA

showed increased peak current and gradual increase in

peak potential. The plot of ip vs. C was also linear. All

these studies reveal that the electron transfer taking place

in the redox process is irreversible and the oxidation is

diffusion-controlled adsorption. Among the two modified

systems, the PEDOT/GCE was selected as a better elec-

trode system for the electroanalytical determination of

PA due to higher peak current.

3.3. Rate Constant

The standard rate constant ks was calculated from the

A Study on Preparation and Use of Nano Poly Pyrrole and Nano Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Coated Glassy Carbon

Electrode for the Determination of Antihistamine in Pharmaceutical and Urine Sample

960

-25

125

175

-1000 -50005001000

E(mV)

i(A)

PEDOT

Ppy

Figure 3. Cyclic voltammogram of 250 mg/mL PA on dif-

ferent electrode at pH 13.0; scan rate 100 mV/s.

slope of log ip vs E – Ei plot by employing the following

equation.

ip = nFACks exp [–



n/RT(E – Ei)]

where ip = peak current in A, n = number of electrons

transferred, F = Faraday constant, 96487 C, A = area of

the electrode in cm2, C = concentration of the analyte,

mole s / c m3, ks = standard rate constant, cm/s,



= transfer

coefficient, R = gas constant (8.314), T = temperature in

K, E = peak potential in V, Ei = potential at the foot of

the response in V.

The ks value for the electrooxidation of PA was 6.451

× 10–6 cm/s on Ppy/GCE and 3.76 × 110–5 cm/s on PE-

DOT/GCE. The lower value of rate constant ks confirms

that electron transfer is irreversible.

3.4. Differential Pulse Stripping Analysis of

Drugs (DPSV)

Adsorptive stripping voltammetry involves two steps in

which the first step is accumulation of the substrate on

the electrode and the second step involves stripping.

Cyclic voltammetric results revealed the good accumula-

tion of the substrate on electrode at pH 13.0 and hence

adsorptive stripping voltammetric studies performed well

in the determination of drug.

The pH, accumulation potential and time were varied

independently at default experimental conditions and

maximum peak current parameters were found out. The

solution was stirred throughout the accumulation period.

The accumulation of the drug on the modified electrode

surface under the optimum accumulation conditions

was confirmed from the changes in the electrode sur-

face before and after accumulation. SEM was employed

to study the surface morphology of the accumulated PA

on nano coated glassy carbon electrodes. Figure 4(a)

and 4(b) shows the small uniform granular nano Ppy

and irregular granular nano PEDOT surface. The drug

PA adsorbed on nano Ppy electrode during accumula-

tion and exhibited sponge like structure (Figure 4(c))

and nano PEDOT exhibited broken leaves structure

(Figure 4(d)).

The stripping parameters were varied and optimized.

The range of study and optimized values are presented in

Table 1. Under optimum experimental conditions, the

influence of concentration on the stripping signal was

studied. The experimental results showed that the peak

current increased with the increase in the concentration

of PA. A representative differential stripping voltammo-

gram is presented in Figure 5. Calibration was made and

the straight line plot is presented in Figure 6. The lower

limit of detection (LOD) determined from the peak cur-

rent obtained using nano Ppy is 0.035 g/mL and it is

0.016 g/mL using nano PEDOT (Table 2). The repro-

ducibility of the stripping signal was understood from the

relative standard derivation (2.8%) calculated for five

identical measurements at a concentration level of 0.2

g/mL. The LOD values obtained from this study for the

Figure 4. SEM photographs of (a) Nano Ppy (b) Nano PE-

DOT (c) PA on Nano Ppy and (d) PA on Nano PEDOT.

090

E(mV)

i(A)

0 900

E(mV)

i(A)

(a) (b)

Figure 5. DPSV behaviour of 0.2 g/mL PA on (a) Ppy and

(b) PEDOT.

A Study on Preparation and Use of Nano Poly Pyrrole and Nano Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Coated Glassy Carbon 961

Electrode for the Determination of Antihistamine in Pharmaceutical and Urine Sample

Table 1. Optimum parameters condition of stripping voltammetry of pheniramine on modified glassy carbon electrode.

Ppy PEDOT

Parameters Range examined Optimized value Range examined Optimized value

pH 1.0 to 13.0 13.0 1.0 to 13.0 13.0

Accumulation potential (mV) 450 to 650 500 350 to550 500

Deposit time (sec) 10 to 60 10 10 to 60 10

Initial scan potential (mV) 0 to 400 0 –100 to 300 0

Pulse height (mV) 25 to 125 50 25 to 125 25

Pulse width (msec) 25 to 125 50 25 to 125 50

Scan increment (mV) 2 to 10 4 2 to 20 4

Scan rate (mV/sec) 10 to 60 50 10 to 100 50

Stirring rate (rpm) 50 to 250 250 50 to 250 250

Rest period (Sec) 2 to 10 5 2 to 10 5

Table 2. DPSV behaviour of analgesic drugs on modified GCE.

Electrode Range studying in g/mL LOD in g/mL % RSD value

Ppy/GCE 0.05 to 0.4 0.035 3.1

PEDOT/GCE 0.025 to 0.4 0.016 2.3

y = 0.0695x - 0.7495

= 0.9914

y = 0.08x + 2.776

= 0.9951

0100 200300 400

Conc. (ppb)

ip(A)

Ppy

PEDOT

Figure 6. Calibration plot of DPSV.

antihistamine was compared with that reported already

and the details are presented in Table 3. The table shows

that the differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV)

method using polypyrrole and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxyth-

iophene) modified electrode for the determination of the

analgesics is superior to the already available methods.

3.5. Analysis of Pharmaceutical and Urine

Samples

The pharmaceutical samples having PA was collected

from medical shops at Karaikudi and analyzed. The tab-

lets were powdered, dissolved and subsequently diluted

to a required concentration. DPSV of the drug at pH 13.0

was recorded under optimum experimental conditions.

By substituting the peak current in the calibration plot

and keeping dilution factor in to consideration, the

amount of PA present in the tablet was determined. The

amount of PA determined was 47 ± 0.8 mg from nano

Ppy/GCE and 49 ± 0.5 mg from nano PEDOT/GCE.

These values are in good agreement with the company

reported value, 50 mg.

Measurement of PA in urine samples collected after 8

hours of administration was made. 1.0 ml of the urine

sample was mixed with pH 13.0. This experiment was

repeated for 5 times and the average weight of PA in 1.0

ml of urine sample was determined to be 0.21 g for PA

with relative standard deviation 3.2. There is no appre-

ciable interference due to the presence of small amount

urine present in the electrolyte hence the same calibration

plot was used. There was no degradation of the analyte in

solution during experiment. The other matters present in

tablets and urine samples are not interfering with the

study. This method is simple and suitable for the deter-

mination of PA. Repetition rate is found to be high.

4. Conclusions

Pheniramine maleate, an antihistamine, was anodically

oxidised irreversibly on glassy carbon electrode in the

pH range 1.0 to 13.0 and the oxidation was diffusion

controlled adsorption. The standard rate constant was

also calculated. Effect of pH leads to the conclusion that

pH 13.0 was suitable for analytical studies. Employing

DPSV technique, the adsorptive stripping voltammetric

studies of PA was carried out. Optimum conditions were

arrived at and the influence of concentration was found

out. A calibration plot was made and proposed for the

determination of PA. This was used to find out the

amount of drug present in the pharmaceutical tablet and

urine samples. Lower limit of detection was determined

and the % of RSD confirmed reproducibility of the

method. This method is simple, easy to perform and can

very well be used in the determination of PA in real

samples. Thus stripping voltammetry provides a better

method for the determination of PA over spectral and

other methods.

A Study on Preparation and Use of Nano Poly Pyrrole and Nano Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Coated Glassy Carbon

962

Electrode for the Determination of Antihistamine in Pharmaceutical and Urine Sample

Table 3. Comparison of available methods.

Methods LOD in μg·mL−1

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [29] 2

HPLC method [14] 5 - 50

Capillary isotachophoresis [15 ]

Capillary electrophoresis determination[30]

4 - 28

Micellar liquid chromatography [31] 1

Spectrophotometric determination [32] 9.75 - 32.5

5. Acknowledgments

C. Vedhi, gratefully acknowledge DST for financial

support through Fast Track Scheme for Young Scientists,

New Delhi, India to present this aper.

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