Root and Foot Rot Diseases of Winter Wheat Grown in Conventional and Organic Systems

doi:10.4236/jacen.2014.33B001

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 2014, 3, 1-8

Published Online July 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jacen

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2014.33B001

How to cite this paper: Tyburski, J., Kurowski, T. and Adamiak, E. (2014) Root and Foot Rot Diseases of Winter Wheat

Grown in Conventional and Organic Systems. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 3, 1-8.

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2014.33B001

Root and Foot Rot Diseases of Winter Wheat

Grown in Conventional and Organic Systems

Jozef Tyburski1, Tomasz Kurowski2, Ewa Adamiak1

1Department of Farming Systems, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland

2Department of Phytopathology and Entomology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsz tyn, Poland

Email: [email protected]

Received 24 April 2014

Abstract

The object of the study was fungous disease s occurring on roots, leave sheaths and stem base of

winte r wh e at in the two opposing cropping systems (organic and conventional). The observat i on s

were made in vegetation periods (2007-2009) in the fields of wi n te r wheat in no rthe rn Polan d.

Every year on each plot of compared farming systems root rot occurred (Fusarium spp., Gaeu-

mannomyces graminis and other fun g i ) . For the period of 3 ye ar s the degr ee of disease injury on

the roots of winte r whe at grown in th e co nv en ti on al system in the vegetation period increased,

while in the organic one remained on pretty t he sam e leve l. On average a lot more affe cted roots,

especially in the flower ing stage, occurred on the wi n te r wh e at grown in the co nv enti ona l s ystem.

Fusarium foot rot (Fus ari u m sp p.) developed on the wheat duri ng the e n tir e ve geta ti on period. It

was the most dangerous root and foot rot disease (the hi ghes t i nde xes of in jury ). T he mean degree

of disease injury on leave sheath was on p re tty the s ame level in the two farming systems, al-

though in investigated vegetatio n periods differed a lot, whereas at the bases of stems the patho-

gen was on the higher level on the wheat in the conventional system. Also eyespot (Tapes ia yallude)

developed in the entire vegetati on perio d of the winter wheat, but its i nt ens i ty was much lower

than in case of fus arium foot rot. Leave s he aths of the wheat grown in the conventional system

were slightly stronger affected than tho s e grown in the organic system. In the flowering stage th e

intens i ty of the disease in both farming systems became equal, while in the wax maturity it was

consider abl y higher in the con ve nti ona l system. Sharp eyespot (R hizoctonia spp.) appeared rela-

tively late and occurred only in two years of investigation. The intensiveness of the disease was

definitely higher on the org a ni c plots. Among the affect ed roots, taken in the ste m elongation stage,

from the organic system 28 cultures of fungi were isolated, and from the conventional one 24 co-

lonies. Cereals pathogenic fungi amounted 35.8% of isolates obtained from the organic system and

as many as 66.7% from the conven ti onal system. Among the affected roots, taken in the flowering

stage, f rom th e organic syst em 68 cultures of fungi were isolated in all, and from the conventional

one 25 colonies. Cereals pathogenic fungi amounted 38.2% of isolates obtained from the organic

system and 56.0% from the conv ent i onal system. Among the affected stem bases, taken in the wax

maturity stage, from the organic system 56 cultures of fungi were isolated in all, and from the

conventional one 52 colonies. Cereals pathogenic fungi amounted 48.4% of isolates obtained from

the organic system and 53.6% from the conventional system. In the case of all root and foot rot

diseases of wheat grown in the organ i c system, an advantageous influence of greater biodiversity

and number of various fungi species living in root proximi ty was noticed as opposed to the con-

ventional system.

J. Tyburski et al.

Keywords

Winter W h e at , Root and Foot Rot Diseases, Organic Farming, Conv en ti on a l, Farming

1. Introduction

The root and foot rot diseases are considered the most dangerous among the diseases caused by pathogens con-

nected with the soil environment [1] [2]. The ir common feature is a patch occurrence in productive field s, lead-

ing to the shortening vegetation of crops and yield decrease [1] [3]-[5]. The occurrence of the root and foot rot

diseases strengthens as a resu lt of the simplification of crop rotations, which happens in the conventional system

of cereals growing [6]-[8]. In order to counteract these disadvantageous phenomena a range of fungicides is ap-

plied, which decrease the pressure of fungi on roots and stem base [9]-[14]. Cereals cropping in the organic sys-

tem, on the other hand, is closely related to a proper crop rotation and manuring, which due to the increase of

biomass and biodiversity of microorganisms in soil, should protect crops to a high degree against attacks of pa-

thogens living in soil [15].

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of organic and conventional growing method on the occur-

rence of root and foot rot diseases and to lea rn about the species content of pathogens living in the above-men-

tioned organs.

2. Materials and Methods

The object of the study was fungous diseases occurring on roots, leave sheaths and stem base of winter wheat in

the two opposing cropping systems (organic and conventional). The observations of the health state were made

in three successive vegetation periods (2007-2009) in the productive fields of winter wheat of the Korweta va-

riety. Organic winter wheat growing was conducted on a family farm in Kurzętnik (between Olsztyn and Toruń),

which is run in the organic system since 1998 and certified since 2000. The comparison was made with the con-

ventional farm in Łasin (in 20 km distance) run in a v ery intensive way, with high doses of mineral fertilizers

and chemical plant protection agents.

For the study productive plantations were chosen covering 5 - 38 ha each. In order to eliminate the natural

variation of soil quality, small plots of the size of 40 by 60 meters were selected by a soil scientist on each plan-

tation. Thanks to it the chosen plots were of the same soil quality. According to soil quality evaluation, the plots

dispose brown loamy soil (containing 28% - 30% particles of less than 0.02 mm diameter). The humus content

was between 1.5% and 1.7% and soil reaction was neutral (pH 6.3 to 7.0). The lev el of exchangeable phospho-

rus was very high in the case of the conventional farm and medium on the organic farm. In the case of potassium

and magnesium the level of their content was high on the conventional plantations and again medium on the or-

ganic ones.

The forecrop on the conventional farm was winter rape. The plantation was fertilized with nitrogen rate of

203 - 213 kg per ha, 90 kg of K2O and 65 kg of P2O5 and 9 - 11 kg of Mg SO4. The seeds were treated with

Baytan Universal 19.5 DS. Th e weeds were controlled with a mixture of Expert 60 WG, Gle an 75 DF and Le-

gato 500 SC (in autumn) and additionally with Granstar 75 WG and Tomigan 250 EC (in spring). The diseases

were controlled few times with a fungicides (Sarfun 500 SC, Unix 75 WG, Proline 250 EC, Talius 200 EC, Du et

250 SC, Opera 147.5 SE) and insects with a insec ticides (Patriot 100 EC, Fury 100 EC, Cyperkil 25 EC). More-

over grow regulators were applied few times (Cycocel 460 SL, Moddus 250 EC). During the application of

mixtures of crop protection agents also fertilizers as urea and magnesium sulphate as well as microfertilizers

were added. This is the standard winter wheat growing technology on intensive conventional farms in the region,

assuring wheat yields of 8 - 11 t per ha.

On the organic farm winter wheat was grown after potato and fertilized with 25 t per ha of FYM. No seed

dressing was applied. Weeds were controlled by harrowing (two times in spring).

In each vegetation period to war d s the en d of tillering stage (BBCH 25 - 27) and in the flowering stage (BBCH

63 - 65), the evaluation of the health state of the winter wheat roots was made. For the study on the health state

of roots the MARTYNIUK’s (1986) method was used. 100 plants (20 plants fro m 5 spots of the plot) were taken

in random. Single plants were dug out, deceasing to the minimum damage to the root system. A fter the shaking

J. Tyburski et al.

off the soil, the seedlings or the bottom part of stems along with the roots were placed in foil sacks. On the same

day, in the lab the roots were dipped in water and then rinsed under the current of tap water. The degree of the

root and foot rot diseases injury was determined according to the scale, where; 0˚—ealthy plants, 1˚—lants very

slightly affected (1% - 10% of all roo ts ) , 2˚—plants slightly affected (11% - 30% of all r oo ts ), 3˚—lants affected

to the aver age degree (31% - 60% of all roots), 4˚—plants strongly affected (over 61% of all roots ).

The evaluation of the occurrence of root and foot rot diseases on the leave sheaths was made towards the end

of the tillering stage (BBCH 25 - 27), and at the base of stem in the flowering stag e (BBCH 63 - 65) and in the

stage of the wax maturity (BBCH 83 - 87). The Poncheta scale, modified by [16], was used for the evalua tion,

where: 0˚—plants without visible sights of disease, 1˚—plants slightly affected (1 spot on stem), 2˚—plants

strongly affected (more spots on stem or 1 spilt all over the stem). To the analysis of the health state of the stem

base 100 plants (20 plants from 5 spots of the plot) were taken in random. In the lab the degree of fusarium foot

rot (Fusarium spp.), eyespot (Tapesia yallundae) and sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia spp.) was evaluated. The ob-

tained results were presented in the form of an index of injury, calculated with the Mc Kinney’s formula [17].

In lab condition the isolation of fungi living in affected roots and stem base was conducted. With the aim of it

during the phytopathological evaluation of the health state of the root system of the wheat, the roots with the

symptoms of disease (necrosis and brown spots) were chosen. Further the steps of the [18]’s method were ap-

plied. The roots were meticulously rinsed with sterile water, and later sterilized for 30 seconds in 50% solution

of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and for 30 seconds in 0.1% solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). After the three

times rinsing in sterilized water an d drying, 5 mm sections with symptoms of disease were cut out. Such pre-

par ed root sections were placed into Petri dishes with potato-glucose agar. The 35 pieces of roots for each of the

plots were analyzed. In the case of lack of sufficient number of roots with the symptoms of injury, roots without

apparent disease symptoms were used. The samples were incubated in the temperatur e of 23˚C. The grown fungi

colonies were transferred on potato-glucose agar slants, then they were reduced to one-spor e cultures and recog-

nized by the means of available keys and monographies.

From the collected bases of stems showing the disease symptoms 30 mm peaces with discoloring were cut out

and were furthe r processed according to the [19]’s method. The stems sections were rinsed thoroughly in sterile

water with a simultaneous shaking off, and later sterilized for 30 seconds in 50% solution of ethyl alcohol

(C2H5OH) and for 30 seconds in 0.1% solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). After the three times rinsing in

sterile water and drying out in blotting-paper, 1 mm sections were cut out and placed on the PDA, made of 750

ml of distillated water, 250 ml of salt (according to Hansen -C rann er), 1 ml of solution 1 - 2 (Hoagland), 15 g of

agar. From each field 35 inoculums were placed and kept in the temperature of 20˚C in continuous lightening.

After six, eight days of incubation the grown mycelium transfer on potato-glucose agar slants, then they were

reduced to one-spore cultures and recognized by the means of available keys and monographies. For this study

only the results of fungi isolations from 2007 and 2008 were taken, as the isolations obtained in 2009 have not

been marked yet.

3. Results

Every year on each plot of compared farming systems root rot occurred (Fusarium sp p., Gaeumannomyces gra-

minis and other fungi). For the period of 3 years the degree of disease injury on the roots of winter wheat grown

in the conventional system in the vegetation period increased, while in the organic one remained on pretty the

same level (Table 1). On average a lot more affe c ted roots, especially in th e flowering stage, occurred on the

winter wheat grown in the conventional system.

Fusarium foot rot (Fusarium spp.) developed on the wheat during the e ntire vegetation period. It was the most

dangerous root and foot rot disease (the highest indexes of injury). The mean degree of disease injury on leave

sheath was on pretty the same level in the two farming systems, although in investigated vegetation periods dif-

fered a lot, whereas at the base s of stems the pathogen was on the higher level on the wheat in the conventional

system.

Also eyespo t (Tapesia ya llude) developed in the entire vegetation period of the winter wh eat, but its intensity

was much lower than in case of fusarium foot rot. Leave sheaths of the wheat grown in the conventional system

were slightly stronger affected than those grown in the organic system. In the flowering stage the intensity of the

disease in both farming systems became equ al, while in the wax maturity it was considerably higher in the con-

ventional system.

J. Tyburski et al.

Table 1. Intensity of root and foot rot diseases on winter wheat (injury index in %).

Disease (Pathogen) Part of plant Year Growth stage Farming system LSD 0.05

Organic Conventional

Root rot

(Fusarium spp.,

Gaeumannomyces

graminis and other fungi)

Roots

2007

2008

2009

BBCH

25 - 27

6.5

13.3

12.3

11.0

22.0

20.0

1.58

2.75

4.62

Mean 10.7 17.7

2007

2008

2009

BBCH

63 - 65

9.3

16.0

6.5

25.8

26.0

14.3

3.42

2.13

4.10

Mean 10.6 22.0

Fusarium foot rot

(Fusarium spp.)

Leaf sheaths

2007

2008

2009

BBCH

25 - 27

26.0

12.5

1.5

18.0

22.5

4.5

4.89

1.26

1.73

Mean 13.3 15.0

Stem bases

2007

2008

2009

BBCH

63 - 65

8.5

14.0

4.0

20.0

19.0

1.5

3.67

3.58

n.s.

Mean 8.8 13.5

2007

2008

2009

BBCH

83 - 87

21.0

22.0

7.0

53.0

23.0

8.5 6.57

n.s.

Mean 16.7 28.2

Eyespot

(Tapesia yallundae)

Leaf sheaths

2007

2008

2009

BBCH

25 - 27

1.5

13.0

0.5

6.0

16.0

0.0 2.34

2.79

n.s.

Mean 5.0 7.3

Stem bases

2007

2008

2009

BBCH

63 - 65

16.0

11.5

4.0

15.0

14.8

6.0 n.s.

n.s.

Mean 10.5 11.9

2007

2008

2009

BBCH

83 - 87

4.5

19.0

0.0

25.5

20.5

6.0 3.39

n.s.

2.00

Mean 7.8 17.3

Sharp eyespot

(Rhizoctonia spp.) Stem bases

2009 BBCH

63 - 65 7.0 0.0 4.24

2007

2009 BBCH

83 - 87 2.5

19.5 6.0

3.0 1.17

2.74

Mean 11.0 4.5

n.s.—not significant differences.

Shar p eyespot (Rhizoctonia spp.) appeared relatively late and occurred only in two years of investigation. The

intensiveness of the disease was definitely higher on the organic plots.

Among the affected roots, taken in the stem elongation stage, from the organic system 28 cultures of fungi

were isolated, and from the conventional one 24 colonies (Table 2(a)). Cereals pathogenic fungi amounted 35.8%

of isolates obtained fro m the organic system and as many as 66.7% from the conventional system. Among iso-

lates of cereals pathogenic fungi originating from the organic plots F. equiseti were predominant (25.0% of all

isolates), and from those originating from the conventional ones F. oxysporum (41.7%) and Microdochium ni-

vale (20.8%).

J. Tyburski et al.

Table 2. Percent of the pathogenic fungi isolated from infested roots and stem bases of winter wheat in 2007-

2008. (a) From roots in BBCH 25-27; (b) From roots in BBCH 63-65; (c) From ste m ba ses in BBCH 83 - 87.

(a)

Fungi species Farming system

Organic Conventional

Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc.

Fusarium oxysporum (Mart.) Appel et Wollenw.

Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb.

Fusarium verticilloides (Sacc.) Nirenberg

Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx et Olivier

Microdochium nivale (Fries) Cesati

25.0

3.6

41.7

4.2

20.8

Percent of all the pathogens 35.8 66.7

Other 64.2 33.3

(b)

Fungi species Farming system

Organic Conventional

Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc.

Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc.

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe

Fusarium oxysporum (Mart.) Appel et Wollenw.

Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx et Olivier

Microdochium nivale (Fries) Cesati

Rhizoctonia spp.

2.9

1.5

5.9

17.6

5.9

4.4

32.0

4.0

8.0

4.0

8.0

Percent of all the pathogens 38.2 56.0

Other 61.8 44.0

(c)

Fungi species Farming system

Organic Conventional

Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc.

Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc.

Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc.

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe

Fusarium oxysporum (Mart.) Appel et Wollenw.

Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb.

Microdochium nivale (Fries) Cesati

Rhizoctonia spp.

26.8

3.6

1.8

3.6

5.4

1.8

28.8

7.6

3.8

11.5

1.9

Percent of all the pathogens 48.4 53.6

Other 51.6 46.4

Among the affected roots, taken in the flowering stage, from the organic system 68 cultures of fungi were

isolated in all, and from the conventional one 25 colonies (Table 2(b)). Cereals pathogenic fungi amounted 38.2%

of isolates obtained from the organic system and 56.0% from the conventional system. A mong isolates of ce-

reals pathogenic fungi originating from the organic plots G. graminis were predominant (17.6% of all isolates),

and from those originating from the conventional ones F. avenaceum (32.0%).

Among the affected stem bases, taken in the wax maturity stage, from the organic system 56 cultures of fungi

J. Tyburski et al.

were isolated in all, and from the conventional one 52 colonies (Table 2(c)). Cereals pathogenic fungi amounted

48.4% of isolates obtained from the organic system and 53.6% from the conventional system. Among isolates of

cereals pathogenic fungi originating from the organic farm F. avenaceum were predominant (26.8% of all iso-

lates), and from those originating from the conventional also F. avenaceum (28.8%) and Microdochium nivale

(11.5%).

4. Discussion

The roo t rot disease occurring on the roots of winter wheat was more severe on crops grown in the conventional

system. The increase of disease injury index of crops was observed in this system during the vegetation period,

whereas the intensiveness of the disease in the organic system remained on a lower, relatively stable level. Ac-

cording to many authors [1] [2] [13] [18] [20] it is a very dangerous disease, causing decay of seedlings, and

thus leading to lowering of yields. The method of preventing this disease in the conventional system is com-

monly used chemical grains dressing. In turn, in crops g ro wn according to the organic farming principles form

their resistance against pathogens among others by mycorrhizal fungi [21] [22]. According to [23] and [24] the

fungi develop better in soils of the organic system, which would prove the obtained results.

Also fusarium foot rot and eyespot were more intensiv e in winter wheat grown in the conventional system.

The intensiveness of fusa rium foot rot was much higher than eyespot. It confirms the observation of many au-

thors [1] [25] [26], that fusarium foot rot has been the most dangerous among root and foot rot diseases in recent

years. The first fungicide application in the conventional system effectively protected the wheat against eyespot

up to the flowering stage, whereas in the wax maturity its intensiveness was definitely higher in the conventional

system. The s ec ond application of fungicides suppressed the development of fusarium foot rot in the wax matur-

ity stage in two out of three investigated years.

Only sporadically occurring in two out of three years of investigation sharp eyespot affected stronger crops

grown in the organic system. According to [2 7] the intensiveness of this disease depends predominantly on the

weather conditions in early spring and since the forecrop.

Among the roots and stem bases showing the disease symptoms, more fungi colonies and of greater species

diversity were isolated from the organic system, whereas pathogenic fungi for wheat occurred in greater number

among the isolates from the conventional system. Among the pathogens fungi of Fusarium genus were predo-

minant. Considered by many authors [28] [29] to be the most dangerous among them (Fusarium avenaceum, F.

culmorum, F. graminearum, Microdochium nivale = F. nivale) definitely stronger affected crops in the conven-

tional system. In the organic system a more frequent occurrence of weaker pathogens of Fusarium genus was

observed. Among dangerous cereals pathogens solely Gaeumannomyces graminis stronger affected crops roots

in the organic system.

In the case of all root and foot rot diseases of wheat grown in the organic system, an advantageous influence

of greater biodiversity and number of various fungi species living in root proximity was noticed as opposed to

the conventional system.

5. Conclusions

1) Root rot, fusarium foot rot and eyespot affected stronger winter wheat grown in the conventional system.

2) Sporadically occurring sharp eyespot developed stronger on crops grown in the organic system.

3) Us ed in the conventional system for the first fungicides application (BBCH 31) protected effectively wheat

against eyespot up to the flowering s t age.

4) Among roots and stem bases more fungi colonies and of greater species diversity were isolated from the

organic system.

5) Wheat pathogenic fungi constituted majority among the isolates originated from the conventional system

and minority in the case of the organic system.

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