Provenance, Tectonics and Paleoclimate of Permo-Carboniferous Talchir Formation in Son-Mahanadi Basin, Central India with Special Reference to Chirimiri: Using Petrographical Interpretation

doi:10.4236/ijg.2014.51013

Paper Menu >>

Journal Menu >>

Internationa l Journal of Geosciences, 2014, 5, 122-130

Published Online Januar y 2014 (http://www.scirp .org/journal/ijg)

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2014.51013

Provenance, Tectonics and Paleoclimate of

Permo-Carboniferous Talchir Formation in Son-Mahanadi

Basin, Central India with Special Reference to Chirimiri:

Using Petrographical Interpretation

Khansa Zaidi1*, Sarwar Rais1, Abdullah Khan1, Mohd Masroor Alam2

1Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

2Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Email: *khansa.schol ar @ gmail.co m, rais [email protected]

Received October 28, 2013; revis ed November 29, 2013; accepted Dece mber 24, 2013

which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In accor-

ABSTRACT

The present study deals with the petrographic interpretation of Talchir Formation sandstone, in and around

Chirimiri area, Koriya district, Chhattisgarh state India located in Son-Mahanadi basin. This basin is an elon-

gate graben showing northwest-southeast trend and c onsidered to be one o f the larg est intra-crato nic rift basins

of Indian peninsula. Talchir Formation is the lowermost unit of thick classical Gondwana sedimentary succes-

sion and rests unconformably on Precambrian basement. The petrographic studies consisting of point count

show the presence of quartz as a dominant framewo rk minera l with subordinat e amounts of fel dspars and r ock

fragments. The data plot in the fields of cratonic interior and transitional margin of continental block prove-

nance. In the Qt (quartz)-F (feldspar)-L (lithic fragments) triangular diagram, indicating the source of these

sediments was located in transitional margin and continental block provenance. The petrographic classification

suggests that this formation in the study area dominantly contains compositionally immature to submature ar-

kosic, sub-arkosic and lithic-arkosic sandstones. The bivariate plot between Qp/(F+R) vs. Qt/(F+R) indicat e s

changes in c l imatic conditions fr om semi-arid to semi-humid during P e rmo-Carboniferous period.

KEYWORDS

Son-Mahanadi; Talchir Formation; Chirimiri; Provenance; Tectonics; Petrography; Paleoclimate

1. Introduction

The compositions of sandston e have been widely used by

sedimentologists during past several decades to decipher

the provenance, paleoclimate and tectonic setting of the

source areas [1-9]. The characters of detrital framework

grains are substantially affected by the nature of proc-

esses that act in the depositional basin and also by the

type of transporting medium and distance of transport

[8,10]. Determination of different aspects of provenance

viz its location with respect to depositional basin, lithol-

ogy, climate and tec to nic setti ng is some of the important

parameters of basin analysis [11].

The Go ndwana sed i me nt s o f P e nins ul ar Ind i a mar k th e

resumption of sedimentation during Permo-Carbonifer-

ous a fter a lo ng hiat us since Pr oterozoic. The sedimenta-

tion in Gondwana basins of India evolved through a

complex interplay of faulting, changes in sea level and

climate [12]. The basinal geometry was modified by tec-

tonic movement during different periods. Indian plate is

an assembly of several micro continents, sutured along

early/middle Proterozoic Mobile belts [13-15]. These

mobile belts became the locales of rift nucleation and

played a fundamental role in the mechanism of rift pro-

pagation along reactivated ancient shear zones [15-18].

These intra-cratonic rifts are referred to as Gondwana

basins.

Corresponding author.

OPEN ACCESS IJG

K. ZAID I ET AL.

123

The Gondwana basins are linearly arranged along the

present day river valleys viz. Koel-Damodar, Son-

Mahanadi and Pranhita-Godavari (Figure 1(b)). The

sediments are mostly made up of clastics of glacial and

glacigene rocks at the base followed by coal measures

and red beds at the top [19]. The Talchir Formation, the

lowermost member of Gondwana sequence of India, is

suggested to be of glacial, glacio-flu vial, g lac io -lacus-

trine and/or glacio-marine depositional environment

[20-32]. The Talchir Formation is marked by uniformly

deposited olive green sandstone, conglomerate, thinly

laminated shales, siltstone, and varves with typical

glacigene facies tillite mostly at the base.

The present study is based on modal analysis of

Figure 1. (a) Map of India shown inset; (b) The outline map of Peninsular India showing Gondwana basins and paleohigh-

lands. Arrows indicate direction of Pe rmia n-Triassic paleoslope modified by Tewari and Veevers, 1993; (c) Map showing

study area modified after Raja Rao 1983.

(a)

(b)

(c)

80˚ 84˚

24˚

20˚

Bay of Bengal

Doler it es

Barakar

Ta lch ir

Precambrian basement

Geologic al Unit s

82˚17'

23˚15'

23˚8'

82˚17'

23˚15'

82˚25'

23˚8'

82˚25'

OPEN ACCESS IJG

K. ZAID I ET AL.

124

sandstones of Talchir Formation of Chirimiri, Koriya

district, Chhattisgarh state, located in Son-Mahanadi

basin (Figure 1(c)). The aim of the study is to interpret

the possible provenance, tectonic setting and paleocli-

mate variability that led to the deposition of these sand-

stone s dur i ng Permo-Carboniferous period.

2. Geological Setting

The Chirimiri coalfield, the study area, is a part of Son-

Mahanadi basin falls between latitudes 23˚8'N to 23˚15'N

and longitudes 82˚17'E to 82˚25'E. Talchir Formation is

exposed along streams flowing in the vicinity of Chiri-

miri town. Olive green, thinly laminated shales and me-

dium grained sandstone succeeded by lemon yellow al-

ternate beds of shale and sandstones are found exposed in

this area. The Chirimiri area was surveyed by C.S Raja

Rao and stratigraphic succession was proposed (Table 1)

[33].

The Son-Mahanadi graben is one of the largest intrac-

ratonic rift basins of peninsular India. The Mahakoshal

supra crusta l lie in t he nort h of Son-Mahana di Gond wana

basin. The rocks of Sausar mobile belt and Betul su-

pracrustals are exposed in the south, whereas the eastern

and south eastern fringes of the Son-Mahanadi basin are

constituted by granite-gneissic complex of Chotanagpur

terrain and Precambrian rocks of Singhbhum and Bastar

craton respectively [34]. To the west of the basin unclas-

sified Precambrian migmatites and geneisses are exposed.

Tecto nically, the b asin ha s be e n divided into three blocks

i.e., Son, Hasdo-Arand and Mahanadi separated from

each other by ENE-WSW trending prominent basement

ridge [35]. Spatial distribution of rock units, variation in

the thickness of sediments, different disposition of struc-

tural elements and contrasting lineament-trends of these

three blocks suggest that each underwent a different

sedimentation and tectonic his tory [35].

3. Material and Methods

The current study deals with petrographic interpretations

of Talchir sandstones in Chirimiri area. 50 Talchir sand-

stone samples have been collected along the stream cut-

tings in and around Chirimiri, where they are found ex-

posed. The streams from where these samples have been

collected are Halphali, Kudra, Bhukbhuki, and Ghor-

ghera (Figure 1(c)). Out of these 50, only 29 representa-

tive samples of sandstone were selected for petrographic

studies. Thin sections of the selected samples were pre-

pared by standard technique. Modal analysis of samples

was carried out using point counting method to deter-

mine the quantitative mineralogical aspects of these

sandstones. About 350 points per thin section were

counted (Table 2 ) us i n g Ga zz i -Dickenson’s method [36].

The counted grains were recalculated into percentage as

summarised in (Table 3).

Table 1. Stratigraphic succession of Chirimiri, coalfield

Koriya district, Chhattisgarh (Raja Rao, 1983).

Age Formation Lithology

Upper Cretaceous

to lower Eocene (?)

Deccan Traps Basic flows, dykes and sills.

Lower Permian Barakar

Essentially sandstone with

subordinate Shales and coal

seams (230 m to 435 m).

Upper

Carboniferous to

Early Permian Talchir

Predominantly olive green

sha les and Medium to fine

grained sandstone.

UNCONFORMITY

Precambrian

basement

Granite, Gnies ses and

Quartzite

Table 2 . K ey f or petrograp hic and other p ara meters u sed in

this study (modified after Dickinson 1985).

QFR

Q Total Quart z gra ins (Qm + Qp)

monocr yst alline quartz

Qp polycrystalline quartz

F Total Feldspar (P + K)

Plagioclase

K alkali feldspar

R Total rock fragmen ts including chert

QtFL

Qt Total quartz grains (Qm + Qp)

Qm monocrystalline quartz

Qp polycrystalline quartz

F Total Feldspar (P + K)

P Plagioclase

K alkali feldspar

Total lithic fragments

QmF Lt

Qm monocrystallin e quartz

F Total Feldspar (P + K)

Plagioclase

K alkali feldspar

Lt Total rock fragments including polycrystalline quartz

QpLvLs

Qp polycrystalline quartz

Lv Total volcani c an d Me ta-volcanic rock fragments

Ls Total sediment ary rock fragments

LmLv Ls

Lm Tot al metamorphic rock fragments

Lv Total volcanic rock fragments

Ls Total sedimentary rock fragments

Qp/F + RF vs. Qt/F + RF

Qt Total quartz grains (Qm + Qp)

monocr yst alline quartz

Qp polycrystalline quartz

F Total Feldspar (P + K)

RF Total rock fr agments

OPEN ACCESS IJG

K. ZAID I ET AL.

125

Table 3. Recalculated detrital composition of Talchir sandstones of Chiri miri area, Koriya district.

S.No QFR QtFL Q mFLt QpLvLs Qp/(F + R) Qt/(F + R) QmP K

Q F R Qt F L Qm F Lt Qp Lv Ls Qm P K

NT1 71.23 16.44 12.33 60.46 38.37 1.17

71.23 16.44 12.33 0 0 100

0.11

1.52

60.47 0 39.55

NT2 70.42 15.49 14.08 57.89 40.35 1.76

70.42 15.49 14.08 0 0 100

0.21

1.37

56.90 0 43.1

NT3 69.62 18.99 11.39 52.40 43.26 4.34

69.62 18.99 11.39 0 0 100

0.25

1.1

55 15 30

NT5 61.54 19.23 19.23 55.26 39.48 5.26

61.54 19.23 19.23 0 0 100

0.21

1.23

58.33 5.55 36.12

NT7 67.57 18.92 13.51 54.17 29.17 16.7

67.57 18.92 13.51 0 0 100

0.13

1.18

65 0 35

NT8 91.67 4.86 3.47 68.94 28.43 2.63

91.67 4.86 3.47 66.66 0 33.34

0.03

1.38

70.49 4.26 25.25

NT9 80.13 16.03 3.85 68.57 24.58 6.85

80.13 16.03 3.85 0 0 100

0.17

1.55

73.61 2.47 23.92

NT10 73.53 13.24 13.24 76.36 23.64 0 73.53 13.24 13.24 0 0 0

0.12

1.55

76.36 1.81 21.83

NT12 71.11 22.22 6.67 58.1 37.4 4.5 71.11 22.22 6.67 0 0 0

0.06

1.56

60 7.5 32.5

NT13 70.71 20.20 9.09 83.54 16.46 0 70.71 20.20 9.09 0 0 0

0.11

1.56

85.71 1.3 12.99

NT14 71.43 23.81 4.76 62.92 35.96 1.12

71.43 23.81 4.76 33.33 0 66.67

0.26

1.64

63.64 0 36.36

GN1 73.36 18.22 8.41 77.38 17.86 4.76

54.55 27.27 18.18 70 0 30

0.28

2.05

66.66 4.44 28.9

GN2 64.10 25.00 10.90 72.12 21.15 6.73

67.31 21.15 11.54 45.5 0 54.5

0.16

1.54

76 3 21

GN3 67.57 21.62 10.81 69.70 24.24 6.06

69.70 24.24 6.06 0 0 100

0.23

1.68

74.2 3.22 22.58

GN4 61.74 26.85 11.41 61.90 29.25 8.84

60.54 29.25 10.20 13.33 0 86.67

0.03

1.62

67.42 3.02 29.56

GN5 84.52 11.90 3.57 77.65 20.00 2.35

77.65 20.00 2.35 0 0 100

0.2

0.91

79.53 8.43 12.04

GN6 74.65 14.08 11.27 74.20 17.35 8.45

67.74 17.74 14.52 33.33 0 66.67

0.17

79.24 0 20.76

GN7 76.11 19.44 4.44 68.75 27.60 3.65

62.50 27.60 9.90 66.67 16.7 16.67

0.21

1.05

69.38 9.82 20.8

GN8 79.40 16.08 4.52 78.61 18.41 2.99

64.68 18.41 16.92 80.02 11.4 8.57

0.7

1.95

77.84 1.2 20.96

GN9 79.14 10.07 10.79 63.16 29.47 7.37

56.00 32.00 12.00 44.44 0 55.56

0.16

1.69

65.85 3.04 31.11

GN10 7 1.64 22.39 5.97 70.78 26.23 2.99

68.81 26.24 4.95 40 10 50

0.06

1..46

72.39 2.6 25.01

GN11 8 2.05 11.11 6.84 87.27 10.91 1.82

82.50 10.00 7.50 80 0 20

0.15

1.92

87.27 2 10.73

BBK1 71.43 14.29 14.29 49.25 42.25 8.50

45.54 43.56 10.90 0 14.29 85.71

0.11

0.83

51 0 49

BBK3 59.70 22.39 17.91 53.00 44.00 3.00

52.11 45.07 2.82 100 0 0

0.05

1.14

53.62 0 46.38

BBK4 63.37 28.71 7.92 70.00 24.00 6.00

53.33 26.67 20.00 100 0 0

0.05

1.43

42.3 3.84 53.86

BBK5 51.28 25.64 23.08 41.00 53.00 6.00

39.64 54.05 6.31 0 33.33 66.67

0.17

1.17

45.5 0 54. 5

BBK6 73.96 20.71 5.33 38.89 55.56 5.56

38.89 55.56 5.55 100 0 0

0.35

0.63

63.69 10.71 25.6

BBK7 77.92 10.39 11.69 63.32 33.67 3.02

60.80 38.07 1.13 90 0 10

0.26

1.72

66.66 16.66 16.68

KN3 74.11 14.29 11.61 56.62 40.44 2.94

56.92 42.31 0.77 75 0 25

0.03

1.3

57.37 0 42.63

4. Petrog raphy

These sandstones are predominantly coarse to medium

grained. Quartz is the chief component of these thin sec-

tions. It occurs in three varieties, monocrystalline, poly-

crystalline, and stretched (Plates 1(a) and (b)), the per-

centage of quartz ranges from 38.89 to 83.54 percent.

The mono-crystalline quartz has both straight to slightly

undulator y extinction with angular to subrounded grains.

Detrital feldspar comes next to quartz, followed by rock

fragments. Feldspar form 10.9 to 55.56 percent in these

sandstones followed by rock fragments which range from

3.47 to 23.08 percent. Three varieties of feldspar, that is,

orthoclase, plagioclase and microcline have been re-

corded in these sandstones (Plates 1(c)-(e)). Feldspar

grains are fresh, coarse to medium in size and sub

rounded in shape. Some feldspar grains also exhibits

slight alteration (Plate 1(d)). Orthoclase is more abun-

dant than rest of the feldspar varieties. Heavy minerals

observed in these thin sections include zircon, rutile,

garne t and e pido te, al ong wit h rock fr ag ments of grani te/

gneis s, schi st (Plate 1(g)), chert, shale and siltstone. Clay

matrix is the common binding material present, along

OPEN ACCESS IJG

K. ZAID I ET AL.

126

Plate 1. (a) P hoto microgra phs of Talchir For mation of Chiri miri ar ea, Kori ya dist rict, Chhat tisgarh, arrow s show ing mon o-

crystalline quartz grains and polycrystalline quartz; (b) Stretched quartz; (c) Orthoclase grain showing iron staining; (d)

Plagioclase grain slightly altered; (e) Microcline grain; (f) Perthite grain; (g) Schist fragment; (h) Plagioclase grain with in-

clusion of quartz; (i) Pore filling clay matrix; (j) Undifferentiated matrix ( black in colo ur) and Iron cement ( black arro w).

with ferruginous cement occurring at the edges of the

grain or in small patches. Pore filling matrix is also com-

mon in these sand stones of Talchir Formation (Pla te 1(i))

Undifferentiated matrix (Plate 1(j)) and few patches of

calcite cement have also been encountered in framework

of some of these studied sa mples.

The studied Talchir sandstone specimens of Chirimiri

area have been classified according to Folk’s classifica-

tion [37] into three categories viz arkose, subarkose, and

lithic arkose (Figure 2).

5. Provenance, Tectonic Setting and

Paleoclimate

The studied sandstones of Talchir Formation, Chirimiri

area have been plotted in QtFL diagram (Figure 3(a)),

where most of the samples concentrate on continental

block provenance and recycled orogen. QmFLt ternary

plot also shows the same result (Figure 3(b)). The

QmPK plot (Figure 4(a)) of the studied samples shows

that these Talchir sandstones have been derived from con-

tinental block provenance. The QpLvLs (Figure 4(b))

OPEN ACCESS IJG

K. ZAID I ET AL.

127

Figure 2 . Classification of Talchir sandstone, Chiri miri area,

Koriya district, Chhattisgarh (after Folk, 1980).

(a)

(b)

Figure 3. (a) Triangular diagram QtFL of Talchir sand-

stones, Chirimiri, Koriya for Provenance (after Dickinson et

al., 1985). (b) Triangular diagram QmFLt of Talchir sand-

stones, Chirimiri. Koriya for Provenance (after Dickinson et

al., 1985) .

(a)

(b)

Figure 4. (a) Triangular diagram QmPK of Talchir sand-

stones, Chirimiri, Koriya district, for Provenance (after

Dickinson et al., 1985). (b) Triangular diagram QpLvLs of

Talchir sandstones, Chirimiri, Koriya district for Prove-

nance (after Dickinson et al., 1985).

diagram based on lithic fragments population, suggests

collision suture and fold thrust belt as source of these

sandstones. The study of past climate of Permo-Carbon-

iferous period is based on mineral composition of sand-

stone usi ng bivaria te p lot b etween Qt/(F + R) vs. Qp /(F +

R) as shown in (Figure 5). The samples show variation

in climate, changing gradually from semi-arid to semi-

humid.

6. Results and Discussion

The moda l anal ysis of st udied Talchir sandstone s (Table

3), plotted on ternary diagram indicates that the sedi-

ments of Talchir Formation of Chirimiri, Koriya district,

Subarkose

Quartz arenite

Lithic

arkose

Arkose

Sublitharenite

Litharenite

Feldspathic

litharenite

OPEN ACCESS IJG

K. ZAID I ET AL.

128

Figure 5 . B ivari ate log -log plot of Qt/(F + R) and Q p/(F + R)

ratios of Talchir sandstones, Chirimiri, Koriya district, in

cl ima t e discrimination diagram (after Suttner and Dutta,

1986).

Chhattisgarh were derived from continental block

provenances and recycled orogen (Figure 3(a)). Within

these major provenances sediments were derived from

transitional continental block, basement uplift and small

inputs also came from mixed field as shown in (Figure

3(b)). Continental block comprises variety of rocks,

ranging from felsic-intermediate-mafic igneous, meta-

morphic and sedimentary to volcano-sedimentary assem-

blages. Recycled orogen sediments are sedimentary and

subordinate volcanic rocks, which are metamorphosed

and exposed to the surface by erosion and uplift of fold

belts and thrusts. Some of these sediments were derived

from recycled orogeny as shown in (Figure 4(b)). It can

be interpreted from the present study that these sediments

were derived from transitional c ontinental region o f con-

tinental block, which are generally of intermediate com-

position and provided compositionally immature to

sub-mature sediments to the basin as shown in (Figure

4(a)). The palaeoflow data indicates that, in this part of

peninsular India depositing streams were flowing from

East-South- East to West-North-West during late Paleo-

zoic [22]. On the basis of type of detrital framework

components and available paleocurrent data it may be

suggested that the provenance of the studied sandstone

samples was probably Chotanagpur/Singhbhum craton

and some other metasediments exposed in the vicinity of

the ba sin. T he stud ied sa mple s show (Figure 5) that dur-

ing late Palaeozoic era the climate changed gradually due

to drifting of Indian sub continent towards the equator

[8].

The quartz grains in shape ranges from angular to

subrounded with strain lamellae in some of these grains.

Angularity of some quartz grains indicate that these are

first cycle of erosion sediments or have suffered some

short distance of transportation whereas subrounded to

rounded grains are either of second cycle or have been

transported for longer distance. The preponderance of

non-undulatory monocrystalline quartz over undulatory

quartz suggests plutonic source. Automorphic inclusion

of heavy mineral like zircon and tourmaline in

monocrystalline quartz and grains of perthite (Plate 1(f))

are direct evidences of granitic source. Some mono crys-

talline quartz, are free from inclusions of heavy mineral

and shows slight undulose extinction signifying that

old er gne iss or schist ro cks might be the source [38]. The

presence of iron oxide cement on feldspar grains also

depict humid climate [10,39,40].

7. Conclusions

On the basis of the petrological data of the sandstone

specimens of Talchir Formation (Permo-Carboniferous)

collected from Chirimiri, Koriya district, Chhattisgarh,

the following conclusio ns can be drawn:

1) These sandstones samples are compositionally im-

mature to submature and have been classified as arkosic,

subarkosic and lithic ar ko sic type.

2) Constituent grains of these sediments suggest their

derivation cont ine ntal bl ock provena nce.

3) Paleocurrent data indicate that the source area of

these sandstones was somewhere in the East-South-East

of the basin, which may be Chhotanagpur/Singhbhum

complex with some contribution from Bastar craton also.

4) During the deposition of these Talchir sandstones,

climate changed from semiarid to semi humid.

Ackno wledgements

The authors are thankful to Dr. L.A.K Rao, Chairman

and Dr. A.H.M. Ahmad, Incharge of sedimentology la-

boratory Department of Geology, A.M.U. Aligarh for

providing the necessary facilities to carry out the re-

search work. The financial assistance to Khansa Zaidi in

the form of UGC (Maulana Azad National Senior Re-

search Fellowship) is also gratefully acknowledged. The

authors are also thankful to anonymous reviewer for

suggesting necessary corrections in the manuscript.

REFERENCES

[1] F. J. Pettijohn, P. E. Potter, and R. Siever, “Sand and

Sandstone,” Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1972, p. 241.

[2] W. R. Dickinson and C. A. Suczek, “Plate Tectonics and

Sandstone Compositions,” American Association of Pe-

troleum, Geological Bulletin, Vol. 63, No. 12, 1979, pp.

2164-2182.

[3] W. R. Dickinson, “Compositions of Sandstones in

Circum-Pacific Subduction Complexes and Fore-Arc B a-

sins,” American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bul-

letin Vol. 66, No. 2, 1982, pp. 121-137

[4] W. R. Dickinson, “Interpreting Provenance Relations

from Detr ital Mod es of Sandst ones,” In: G. G. Zu ffa , Ed.,

0.001

0.01

0.1

0.1 110 100

Sandstone

Humid

Se mi -humid

Se mi -arid

Arid

OPEN ACCESS IJG

K. ZAID I ET AL.

129

Provenance of Arenites, D. Reidel Publ. Co., New York,

1985, pp. 333-361.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2809-6_15

[5] W. R . Dickinson, “Proven ance and Sediment Disp ersal in

Relation to Paleotectonics and Paleogeography of Sedi-

mentar y Basins,” In: K. L Kleinspehn and C. Paola, Eds.,

New Perspect ives in Basin Analysis, Springer, New York,

1988, pp. 3-25.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3788-4_1

[6] W. R. Dickinson, L. S. Beard, G. R. Brakenridge, J. R.

Erjavee, R. C. Ferguson and K . F. I n ma n , “P rovenan ce of

North American Phanerozoic Sandstones in Relation to

Plate Tectonic Setting,” Geological Society of American

Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 2, 1983, pp. 222-235.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<222:PON

APS>2.0.CO;2

[7] P. E. Potter, “South America and a Few Grains of Sand,

Pt. I. Beach Sands,” Journal of Geology, Vol. 94, No. 3,

1986, pp. 301-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629031

[8] L. J. Suttner and P. K Dutta,., “Alluvial Sandstone Com-

position and Paleoclimate, I. Framework Mineralogy,”

Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 56, No. 3, 1986,

pp. 329-345.

[9] R. Cox and R. D. Lowe , “Quantifications of the Effects of

Secondary Matrix on the Analysis of Sandstone Compo-

sition, and a Petro-Chemical Technique for Retrieving

Original Framework Grain Modes of Altered San dstones,”

Journal of Sedimentary Research, Vol. 66, No. 3, 1996,

pp. 548-558.

[10] A. Basu, “Petrology of Holocene Fluvial sand Derived

from Plutonic Source Rocks: Implications to Paleocli-

matic Interpretation,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology,

Vol. 46, No. 3, 1976, pp. 696-709.

[11] Hota, et al., “Provenance Variability during Damuda

Sedimentation in the Talchir Gondwana Basin, In di a—A

Statistical Assessment,” International. Journal of Geo-

sciences, V ol. 2, No. 2, 2011, p p. 120-137.

[12] Mukhopadhyay, et al., “Stratigraphic Correlation between

Different Gondwana Basins of India,” Journal of Geo-

logical Society of India, Vol. 76, No. 3, 2010, pp. 251-

266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-010-0097-6

[13] S. M. Naqvi and J. J. W. Rogers, “Precambrian Geology

of India,” Clarendon Press, Ox for d , 1987, p. 223.

[14] B. P. Radhakrishna and S. M. Naqvi, “Precambrian Con-

tinental Crust of India and Its Evolution,” Journal of Ge-

ology, Vol. 94, No. 2, 1986, pp. 145-166.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629020

[15] N. D. Mitra, “Tensile Resur gence alo ng Fo ssil Sutures: A

Hypothesis on the Evolution of Gondwana Basins of Pe-

ninsular India,” Abstracts of Proceedings 2nd Symposium

on Petroliferous Basins of India, Vol. 3, Dehradun, 1994,

pp. 55-62

[16] G. C. Chatterjee an d P. K. Ghosh, “Tectonic Framework

of Peninsular Gondwana of India,” Records Geological

Survey of India, V ol . 98, No. 2, 1970, pp. 1-15.

[17] S. K. Biswa s, “A Review on the Evolution of Rift Basins

in India during Gondwana with Special Reference to

Western Indian Basins and Their Hydrocarbon Prospects,”

Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy Special

Issue, Vol. 65, No. 3, 1999, pp. 261-283.

[18] S. K. Acharyya and A. Roy, “Tec to no -Thermal Hi sto ry of

the Central Indian Tectonic Zone and Reactivation of

Major Fault/Shear Zones,” Journal of Geological Society

of India, Vo l. 55, No. 3, 2000, pp. 239-256.

[19] R. C. Tewari, “Sed imentary-Tectonic Status of Permian-

Triassic Boundary (250Ma) in Gondwana Stratigraphy of

Peninsular India,” Gondwana Research, Vol. 2, No. 2,

1999, pp . 185-189.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70142-8

[20] S. M. Casshyap and H. A. Qi dwa i , “Glacial Sedimenta-

tion of Late Palaeozoic Talchir diamictite, Pench Valley

Coalfields, Central India,” Geologica l Society of America

Bulletin, Vol. 85, No. 5, 1974, pp.749-760.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<749:GSOL

PT>2.0.CO;2

[21] S. N. Das and D. P. Sen, “Depositional History of Pe r mo -

Carboniferous Tillites and Associated Sediments in West

Bokaro Gondwana Basin, Bihar,” Journal of the Geo-

logical Society of India, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1980, pp. 30-38.

[22] R. C. Tewari and S. M. Casshayap, “Palaeo flow Analysis

of Late Paleozoic Gondwana Deposits of Giridih and

Adjoining Basins and Paleogeographic Implications,”

Geological Society of India, Vol . 23, No. 2, 1982, pp 67-

79.

[23] N. E yl e s and A. M. McCabe, “The Late Devensian

(<22000YBP) Irish Sea Basin: The Sedimentary Record

of a Collapsed Ice Sheet Margin,” Quaternary Science

Review, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1989, pp. 307-351.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(89)90034-6

[24] P. K. Bose, G. Mukhopadhyay and H. N. Bhattacharya,

“Glaciogenic Coarse Clastics in a Permo-Carboniferous

Bedrock trough in India: A Sedimentary Model,” Sedi-

mentary Geology, Vol. 76, No. 1-2, 1992, pp. 79-97.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(92)90140-M

[25] G. Mukhopadhyay and H. N. Bhattach ar ya, “Facies An a ly -

sis of Talchir Sediments (Permo -Carboniferous), Dudhi

Nala, Bihar, Indi a—A Glaciomarine Model,” IXth Inter-

national Gondwana Symposium, Oxford and IBH Publi-

cation, New Delhi, Vol. 2, 1994, pp. 737-753.

[26] J. J. Veevers and R.C. Tewa ri , “Gondwana Master Basin

of Peninsular India between Tethys and the Interior of the

Gondwanaland Province of Pangea,” Memoire of the Geo-

logical Society of America, No. 187, 1995, pp. 1-73.

[27] W. Maejima, R. Das , K. L. Pandya and M. Hayashi, “De-

glacial Control on Sedimentation and Basin Evolution of

P e r mo -Carboniferous Talchir Formation, Talchir Gond-

wana Basin, Orissa, India,” G ondwana R e s e ar c h, Vol . 72,

No. 2, 2004, pp. 339-352.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70788-7

[28] H. N. Bhattacharya, B. B hattachar ya, I. Chakraborty and

A. Chakraborty, “Sole Marks in Storm Event Beds in the

P e r mo -Carboniferous Talchir Formatio n, Rani ganj Basin,

India,” Sedimentary Geology, Vol . 1 66 , No. 3-4, 2004, pp.

209-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.12.003

[29] H. N. Bhattacharya, A. Chakraborty and B. Bhattacharya,

“Significance of Transition between Talchir Formation

OPEN ACCESS IJG

K. ZAID I ET AL.

130

and Karharbari Formation in Lower Gondwana Basin

Evolution—A Study in West Bokaro Coal Basin, Jhar k-

hand, India,” Journal of Earth System Science, Vol. 114,

No. 3, 2005, p p. 275 -286.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02702950

[30] H. N. Bhattacharya and B. Bhattacharya, “A Permo-

Carboniferous Tide-Storm Interactive System: Talchir

Formation, Raniganj Basin, India,” Journal of Asian

Earth Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2006, pp. 303-311.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.04.006

[31] H. N. Bhattacharya and B. Bhattacharya, “Soft Sediment

Deformati on Struct ures from an Ice-Marginal Storm-Tide

Interactive System, Permo-Carboniferous Talchir Forma-

tion, Talchir Coalbasin, India,” Sedimentary Geology, Vo l.

223, No. 3-4, 2010, pp. 380-389.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.12.002

[32] B. Bhattach arya and H. N. Bhattacharya, “I mplications of

Mud-Clast Con glomerates within Late Palaeozo ic Talchir

Glacio-Marine Succession, Talchir Basin, India,” Indian

Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 66, No. 1, 2012, pp. 69-78.

[33] C. S. Rao Raj a, “Chirimiri Coalfield,” In: Coal Resour ces

of Madhya Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir, Bulletins of

Geological Survey of India, Series A, Vol. 3, No. 45,

1983, pp . 44-55.

[34] A. Roy, H. M. Ramchandra and B. K. Bandyopadhyay,

“Supracrustal Belts and Their Significance in the Crustal

Evolution of Central India,” Proceedings Dr. M.S Krish-

nan Birth Cent, Sem., Geolo gical S urvey of Ind ia, Speci al

Publication, No. 5 5, 20 00, pp. 361-380.

[35] S. Dotiwala and K. K. S. Pangtey, KDMIPE, AAPG,

Search and Discovery Article, American Association of

Petroleum Geologist, International Conference and Exhi-

bition, Vie nna , 1997.

[36] R. V. Ingerso ll, T. F. Bu llard , R. L. For d, J. P. Gri mm, J.

D. Pickle and S. W. Sares, “The Effect of Grain Size on

Detrital Modes: A Test of the Gazzi-Dickinson Point

Counting Method,” Journal of Sedimentary Research,

Vol. 54, No. 1, 1984, pp. 103-106.

[37] R. L. Folk, “Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks,” Hemphill,

Austin, 1980.

[38] F. J. Pettijohn, “Sediment ary Rocks,” 3rd Edition, Harper

and Row, New York, 1975, 62 8p p.

[39] R. G. Walker, “Colour of Recent Sediments in Tropical

Mexico: A Contribution to the Origin of Red Beds,” Geo-

logical Society of America Bulletin, Vol. 78, No. 7, 1967,

pp. 917-920.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1967)78[917:CORS

IT]2.0.CO;2

[40] R. L. Folk, “Bimodal Supermature Sandstones: Product

of Desert Floor,” Proceedings 23rd International Gond-

wana Congress, Vol. 8, 1968, pp. 9-32.

OPEN ACCESS IJG