Spectrophotometric Determination of Water-Soluble Hexavalent Chromium and Determination of Total Hexavalent Chromium Content of Portland Cement in the Presence of Iron (III) and Titanium (IV) Using Derivative Ratio Spectrophotometry

doi:10.4236/ajac.2013.411078

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2013, 4, 653-660

Published Online November 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajac)

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2013.411078

Open Access AJAC

Spectrophotometric Determination of Water-Soluble

Hexavalent Chromium and Determination of Total

Hexavalent Chromium Content of Portland Cement in the

Presence of Iron (III) and Titanium (IV) Using Derivative

Ratio Spectrophotometry

K. A. Idriss*, H. Sedaira, S. Dardeery

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

Email: *[email protected]

Received September 7, 2013; revised October 8, 2013; accepted October 25, 2013

which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT

A rapid, reliable and accurate method for the determination of hexavalent chromium in Portland cement is developed.

The proposed method includes direct spectrophotometric determination of Cr (VI) in Portland cement with 1, 2, 5, 8

Tetrahydroxyanthraquinone, (Quinalizarin, QINZ) at pH 1.5. The European Directive (2003/53/EC) limits the use of

cements so that it contains no more than 2 mg·Kg−1 of water-soluble Cr (VI). The absorbance at 565 nm due to Cr

(VI)-QINZ complex is recommended for the determination of water-soluble Cr (VI) in Portland cement. The quantifica-

tion of Cr (VI) released from cement when mixed with water is performed according to TRGS 613 (Technical Rules of

Hazardous Substances). The validity of the method is thoroughly examined and the proposed method gives satisfactory

results. A derivative spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of total Cr (VI) in Portland

cement in the presence of Fe (III) and Ti (IV). The hexavalent chromium complex formed at pH 1.5 allows precise and

accurate determination of chromium (VI) over the concentration range 0.05 to 3.0 mg·L−1 of chromium (VI). The valid-

ity of the method was examined by analyzing several Standard Reference Material (SRM) Portland cement samples.

The MDL (at 95% confidence level) was found to be 25 ng/mL for chromium (VI) in National Institute of Standards

and Technology (NIST) cement samples using the proposed method.

Keywords: Chromium (VI) Determination; Quinalizarin; Portland Cement Analysis; Derivative Spectrophotometry

1. Introduction

In cement industry, raw materials are mixed in controlled

proportions and ground to form a fine and homogeneous

mixture called raw meal. The raw meal is burnt in kilns

to the point of partial melting (~1400˚C) where reactions

forming clinker phases take place. Clinker is interground-

ed with gypsum to form the construction product-cement.

Description of cement composition is normally carried

out by chemical analysis to give the contents of major

and minor components expressed as oxides. In a cement

plant, on-line control of the composition of cement is

necessary to maintain the composition of the cement

within strict requirements [1]. The improvement of the

quality is tantamount to the improvement of the chemical

composition.

One of the problems affecting cement companies is the

need to determine and control the content of the hexava-

lent chromium, due to its toxic effects. The hexavalent

chromium is considered an undesirable component of

cement because of its potential health consequences. Cr

(VI) content of Portland cement contributes to the debili-

tating medical condition known as dermatitis [2-7]. Due

to increasing health-related concerns, the amount of Cr

(VI) found in Portland cement is coming under increas-

ing scrutiny [7,8].

European countries have limited the amount of Cr (VI)

allowed in Portland cement; it must be no more than 2

ppm water-soluble chromate relative to the dry cement

mass [9]. The major sources of chromium content of

*Corresponding author.

K. A. IDRISS ET AL.

654

Portland cement are the kiln feed raw materials, refrac-

tory brick, wear metal from grinding media and additives

[7].

The chemical, environmental and medical literatures

describe research and analytical method development for

the determination of Cr (VI) in a broad variety of sample

types, including Portland cement, cement constituents

and concrete/mortar [10]. The US EPA, ASTM, OSHA

and NIOSH and other agencies have established many of

these analytical procedures as required test methods.

These methods include a range of instrumental tech-

niques including UV-Visible spectrophotometry, atomic

absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), ion chromatogram-

phy (IC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), XRF and induc-

tively coupled plasma (ICP) by either emission or mass

spectrometry. The colorimetric method has been widely

used for quantitative analysis of Cr (VI) in cement and its

extraction fluids [11-13].

Derivative spectrophotometry opens up possibilities,

not only for increasing selectivity [14-16], but also for

increasing sensitivity [17,18]. Salinas et al. [19] devel-

oped a spectrophotometric method for resolving ternary

mixtures; the method is based on the simultaneous use of

the first derivative of the ratio spectra and measurements

at zero-crossing wavelengths. Although several methods

have been applied to determine Cr (VI), direct visible

spectrophotometric methods using anthraquinone de-

rivative have not yet been investigated for its determina-

tion in Portland cement. The common availability and the

relatively low cost instrumentation, the stability of the

procedures and the accuracy of the techniques make the

absorption spectrophotometry advantageous for cement

analysis [20-24]. In this work, fundamental study of the

complexation reaction of hexavalent chromium with

QINZ is described, a rapid and sensitive first derivative

ratio spectrum zero-crossing method is undertaken to

determine Cr (VI) in the presence of Fe (III) and Ti (IV)

in mixtures using Quinalizarin as a complexing agent.

Solution spectra of the extracted Cr (VI), as indicated by

the TRGS 613 [25], are also investigated under our opti-

mum conditions. The validity of the method is thor-

oughly examined and its analytical characteristics are

determined and approved to be suitable for the intended

purpose.

2. Experimental

2.1. Chemicals and Solutions

All chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade and

doubly distilled water, were used for the preparation of

aqueous solutions.

A 1.0 × 10−3 mol·L−1 stock standard solution of Qui-

nalizarin was prepared by dissolving an accurately

weighed amount of Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) pure

grade reagent in absolute ethanol. A 10−4 mo l · L −1 stock

standard solution of potassium di chromate (or potassium

chromate) and 10−3 mol·L −1 stock standard solution of

ferric chloride were prepared using the AnalaR grade

product. Titanium stock standard solution was prepared

as given elsewhere [20]. The metal content of the solu-

tion was determined by conventional methods [26]. Solu-

tions of perchloric acid, sodium perchlorate and standard

sodium hydroxide solution were all prepared from ana-

lytical-reagent grade reagents. Solutions of diverse ions

used for interference studies were prepared from AnalaR

chloride salts of the metal ions and potassium or sodium

salts of the anions to be tested. The solution spectra were

recorded in water-ethanol containing 50% v/v ethanol.

The acid-base properties of the QINZ were studied under

our experimental conditions and the pKa values of the

reagent were determined.

2.2. Cement Samples

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) 1880b and 1885a

were used as the Portland cement matrix in this study.

Precautions for handling and use were taken in accor-

dance with the instructions on the NIST data sheet. A

complete composition of SRMs samples according to

NIST certificates of analysis [27] is given in Table 1.

Samples of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were sup-

plied by Assiut Cement (Cemex, Egypt).

Table 1. Complete composition of SRM(s) samples accord-

ing to the NIST certificate of analysis [27].

Constituent1880b (wt %) 1885a (wt %)

SiO2 20.42 ± 0.36 20.909 ± 0.047

Al2O3 5.183 ± 0.073 4.026 ± 0.032

Fe2O3 3.681 ± 0.023 1.929 ± 0.061

CaO 64.16 ± 0.40 62.390 ± 0.410

MgO 1.176 ± 0.020 4.033 ± 0.033

SO3 (*)2.710 ± 0.099 2.830 ± 0.021

Na2O 0.0914 ± 0.0052 1.068 ± 0.061

K2O 0.646 ± 0.014 0.206 ± 0.011

TiO2 0.236 ± 0.012 0.195 ± 0.014

P2O5 0.2443 ± 0.0027 0.1220 ± 0.0015

Mn2O3 0.1981 ± 0.002 0.0478 ± 0.0015

F 0.0539 ± 0.0012 0.13

Cl 0.0183 ± 0.00057 0.0040 ± 0.0005

ZnO 0.01054 ± 0.00034 0.0029 ± 0.0003

Cr2O3 (*)0.01927 ± 0.00042 0.0195 ± 0.0006

SrO 0.0272±0.0016 0.638±0.026

LOI 1.666±0.011 1.68

Total 100.49 100.18

(*)The uncertainty estimates for SO3 and Cr2O3 include an additional com-

ponent of uncertainty of 2% (relative) to account for greater than expected

heterogeneity observed during testing of the material after packaging.

Open Access AJAC

K. A. IDRISS ET AL. 655

2.2.1. Dissolution of Cement Samples

Weigh accurately 0.5 g of the sample (dried at 110˚C)

into a beaker and dissolve it in the minimum volume of

hydrochloric acid. Heat to dryness, add 10 ml of HCl (6

mol·L−1) to the residue, digest and filter the insoluble

residue into a 25 ml calibrated flask and then dilute to

volume with doubly distilled water.

2.2.2. Cement Extraction Procedure [25]

Aqueous cement extracts were prepared according to the

TRGS 613 procedure; weigh accurately 10.0 g of the

sample in a 250 mL beaker with 40 mL of distilled water.

Stir the mixture for 15 ± 1 minutes intensively at 300

rpm. Immediately filter the suspension without washing,

through a dry glass frit of porosity 3. If the cementitious

preparation contains turbidity, the sample is centrifuged

and then filtered through a narrow-pore filtering medium.

Aliquot of samples were used for the determination of

soluble Cr (VI) in Portland cement.

2.3. Apparatus

A Perkin-Elmer (Norwalk, CT, USA) Lambda 35 double

beam spectrophotometer was used for ordinary and first

derivative spectral measurements using 1 cm matched

quartz cells. The derivative spectra were recorded at a

scan speed of 240 nm·min−1, ∆λ = 5 nm and a slit width

of 2 nm. The smoothing and differentiation calculation

are based on a least-squares polynomial convulation

function using 17 data points.

2.4. Procedures

2.4.1. Ordinary Spectrophotometry

Transfer an aliquot of a sample solution containing

chromium (VI) (1.0 - 75 μg) and/or ferric (III) (12 - 150

μg) and/or titanium (IV) (100 - 200 μg) into 25 mL cali-

brated flasks. Add 12.5 mL of 1.0 × 10−3 mol·L−1 qui-

nalizarin solution and ensure a final ethanol content of 50

% v/v. Adjust the pH to 1.5 using 0.2 M perchloric acid,

while keeping the ionic strength constant at 0.1 (NaClO4).

Dilute to volume with doubly distilled water and record

the normal spectrum from 700 - 500 nm against a reagent

blank as the reference.

2.4.2. Derivative Ratio Spectrum—Zero Crossing

Method

The stored spectra of Cr (VI)-QINZ complex, Fe (III)-

QINZ complex and their ternary mixture with Ti (IV)-

QINZ complex were divided by a standard spectrum of

Ti (IV)-QINZ complex. The first derivative of the ratio

spectra were recorded from 650 - 550 nm. In the ternary

mixture, the concentration of chromium (VI) was propor-

tional to the first derivative divided signals (1DD) at 572

nm (zero crossing point for Fe (III)/Ti (IV).

2.4.3. Colorimetric Determination of Soluble Cr6+ in

Portland Cement

Weigh accurately 10 g of the sample into a beaker and

prepare the sample solution as indicated earlier in Ce-

ment Extraction Procedure [25]. Transfer a 2.0 - 5.0 mL

aliquot of the prepared extracted cement solution into a

25 mL calibrated flask and add 5.0 mL of QINZ (1.0 ×

10−3 M). Adjust the pH to 1.5 by the addition of 0.2 M

perchloric acid, while keeping the ionic strength constant

at 0.1 (NaClO4). Dilute to volume while keeping final

ethanol content of 50% v/v. Record the absorbance of the

solution from 700 - 500 nm against a reagent blank as the

reference. Measure the absorbance value at 565 nm whi-

ch directly proportional to soluble Cr (VI) content in

Portland cement.

2.4.4. Derivative Spectrophotometric Determination

of Total Cr6+ in Portland Cement

Weigh accurately 0.5 g of the sample into a beaker and

prepare the sample solution as indicated earlier in disso-

lution of cement samples. Transfer a 0.5 - 1.0 mL aliquot

of the prepared cement solution into a 25 mL calibrated

flask and add 12.5 mL of QINZ (10−3 M). Adjust the pH

to 1.5 by the addition of 0.2 M perchloric acid, at the

ionic strength of 0.1 (NaClO4). Dilute to volume while

keeping final ethanol content of 50% v/v. Record the

absorbance of the solution from 700 - 500 nm against a

reagent blank. Divide the obtained normal spectrum by a

standard one for Ti(IV)-complex. Record the first de-

rivative of the ratio spectrum and measure the amplitudes

(1DD) at proper zero crossing wavelength as mentioned

above. Total Cr (VI) content in Portland cement is calcu-

lated directly using regression equation.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Acid-Base Properties of the Reagent

The QINZ reagent yields five colored acid-base forms in

solutions of pH~2.0 - 11.0: H4L, H3L−, H2L2−, HL3− and

L4−, exhibiting the absorption maxima at 230, 280, 340,

485 and 590 nm, respectively. Distinct isosbestic points

are observed for the particular acid-base equilibrium. The

absorbance versus pH graphs were interpreted assuming

that a particular equilibrium is established under selected

conditions. Under our experimental conditions, pKa1

(H4L/H3L−) = 2.5, pKa2 (H3L−/H2L2−) = 3.1, pKa3

(H2L2−/HL3−) = 5.5 and pKa4 (HL3−/L4−) = 10.5 (I = 0.1,

25˚C).

3.2. Complexation Equilibria of Cr6+ with QINZ

The complexation equilibria of Cr6+ with Quinalizarin

were studied in solutions containing 50% (v/v) ethanol

over the pH range 0.5 - 3.5. The solution spectra were

recorded in solutions containing an excess of the reagent

Open Access AJAC

K. A. IDRISS ET AL.

656

and in solutions containing an excess of the metal. The

absorption spectra reflect the formation of a complex

with a band at 565 nm (where the reagent, Quinalizarin

does not absorb). The complex formation starts at pH 1.0.

The colour development is attained at pH 1.5 - 2.0. At

higher pH values, a decrease of absorbance is ob- served.

The absorbance versus pH graphs for the Cr (VI)-QINZ

system in Figure 1 were interpreted using the relation-

ships reported elsewhere [28,29]. The number of protons

released during complexation (q) and the equilibrium

constant (Keq) were proved graphically from the plots of

solutions investigated.

The logarithmic transformations of equimolar solu-

tions and solutions with an excess of reagent are straight

lines with a slope (q) and intercept including (Keq). By

considering the acid-base equilibria of Quinalizarin in

50% (v/v) ethanol and the distribution ratio of the reagent

species at different pH values, one can assume that the

neutral form of the reagent (H4L) is the prevalent ligand

species in the pH range of complexation. At this pH

range, the graphical analysis of the absorbance versus pH

graphs, for solutions with different component ratios,

indicated the best fit for the formation of complex with

the liberation of two protons according to equilibrium

(A).

CrLHCrLH2H K



 eq



(A)

3.3. Equilibrium and Stability Constants

The equilibrium constant Keq was determined by consid-

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

00.5 11.522.5 3

Absorbance

Figure 1. Absorbance vs pH graphs for Cr (VΙ)-QINZ com-

plex. Λ = 565 nm, 50 % ( v/v) ethanol, 0.1 mol·L-1 (NaClO4).

1) CM = 2 × 10−4 mol·L−1; CL = 3 × 10−4 mol·L−1. 2) CM = 2 ×

10−4 mol·L−1; CL = 1.5 × 10−4 mol·L−1.

ering equilibrium (A). The stability constant (β) of chro-

mium-QINZ complex is related to the equilibrium con-

stant (Keq) by the expression β = K eq Ka1

−1 K

−1. The

calculated values of the apparent equilibrium constant

and stability constant at pH 1.5 are 8.8 ×104 and 3.5 ×

1010, respectively.

3.4. Analytical Characteristics of the Method

Under the optimum conditions, a linear calibration graph

for the normal spectrophotometric method was obtained

from 0.05 - 3.0 µg·mL−1 of chromium. The molar ab-

sorptivity of the Cr (VI) complex at 565 nm was 6.0 ×

103 L·mole−1·cm−1 Figure 2. Sandell sensitivity of the

reaction of Cr (VI) was found to be 3.2 ng·cm−2. The

reproducibility of the method was checked by analyzing

a series of five solutions with a Cr (VI) concentration of

1.0 µg·mL−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was

found to be 0.96%.

The detection limit (at the 95% confidence level) of

the proposed method for the mean of five analyses was

calculated. The calculated detection limit was found to be

25 ng·mL−1 for the normal spectrophotometric procedure

of certified NIST SRMs. Results obtained for the analy-

sis of cement materials were given in Table 2.

3.5. Effect of Diverse Ions

To assess the usefulness of the proposed method, the

effects of diverse ions that are often exist in Portland

cement were studied. The tolerance of the method to for-

eign ions was investigated with solutions containing 0.02

0.03

0.06

0.09

0.12

0.15

0.18

500 550 600 650 700

Wav elength (n m)

Absorbance

Figure 2. Absorption spectra of Cr (VI)-QINZ complexes,

[Cr(VI)] = 1) 0.2, 2) 0.416, 3) 0.624, 4) 0.832, 5) 1.04, 6) 1.248,

7) 1.456 mg·L−1, 1`) OPC(a), 2`) OPC(b), [QINZ] = 2 × 10−4

mol·L−1, 50% (v/v) ethanol, 0.1 mol·L−1 (NaClO4), pH 1.5.

Open Access AJAC

K. A. IDRISS ET AL. 657

Table 2. Spectrophotometric determination of soluble Cr

(VI) in some Portland cement materials.

Chromium (VI) determination Cr (VI) Cr (VI)

Material using the proposed method Using Using

DPC AAS

Abs.565nm C

Cr(VI) s C

Cr(VI) C

Cr(VI)

Cement (OPC)

OPC (a) 0.0039 0.0338 1 × 10−5 0.0375 0.037

OPC (b) 0.0088 0.07622 × 10−5 0.070 0.079

Regression equation r S

Abs.565 = 6.0 × 103CCr(VI) 0.9998 2 × 10−4

Number of determinations for each sample: n = 5. OPC: ordinary Portland

cement, Abs.565 = Absorbance at 565 nm, CCr(VI) = Cr (VI) concentration

(mg·L−1), DPC: diphenylcarbazide, AAS:atomic absorption spectropho-

tometry, r = Regression coefficient, S = Standard deviation. OPC (a): ce-

ment extraction of 10 gm OPC in 80 mL dist. H2O, OPC (b):cement extrac-

tion of 10 gm OPC in 40 mL dist. H2O.

mg of Cr6+ per 25 mL and various amounts of foreign

ions. The tolerance criterion for a given ion was taken to

be the deviation of the absorbance values by more than ±

2% from the expected value. The determination of chro-

mium was possible in the presence of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Sr2+,

Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Al3+, Cr3+, SO4

2−, SO3

2−, NO3

−, Cl−,

Br−, I− and PO4

3−(10.0 mg). The ions Fe3+ and Ti4+ in-

terfered seriously which was overcome by using deriva-

tive ratio spectra-zero crossing method.

The complexation of the interfering cations, Fe3+ and

Ti4+ with QINZ were studied at the pH 1.5. The absorp-

tion spectra reflect the formation of Fe-QINZ complex

with λmax at 580 nm, and the formation of Ti-QINZ com-

plex with λmax at 575 nm.

3.6. Derivative Ratio Spectrum—Zero Crossing

Method for the Determination of Hexavalent

Chromium in Presence of Ferric (III) and

Titanium (IV)

In order to resolve the ternary mixture, we needed to se-

lect the appropriate zero-crossing wavelengths that per-

mitted the determination of one component in the pres-

ence of the other two [24].

The reproducibility of zero-crossing wavelengths of

derivative ratio spectra was checked by recording the

first derivative ratio spectra of Fe (III)-QINZ system, at

different concentrations of Fe (III) and using a standard

spectrum of Ti (IV)-QINZ complex as a divisor Figure 3.

The zero-crossing wavelengths were obtained at 552 and

572 nm.

Figure 4 shows the derivative ratio spectra of a series

of ternary mixtures containing increasing amounts of

chromium (VI), using Ti-complex as a divisor. Chro-

mium (VI) can be determined using the absolute value of

the total first derivative divided spectrum (1DD) at a

wavelength corresponding to the zero-crossing point of

-1.7

-1.3

-0.9

-0.5

-0.1

0.3

0.7

1.1

525 550 575 600 625

Wavelength (nm)

first d erivati ve o f ratio sp ectr

552 nm

Figure 3. First derivative ratio spectra of Fe (III)-QINZ

complex, [Fe (III)] = 1) 1.1, 2) 2.2, 3) 3.3, 4) 4.4, 5) 5.5, 6) 6.6,

7) 7.8, 8) 8.9, 9) 10.0 mol·L−1, [Ti (IV)] = 7.0 mol·L−1 as divi-

sor, [QINZ] =2 × 10−4 mol·L−1, 50 %( v/v) ethanol, 0.1

mol·L−1 (NaClO4), pH 1.5.

-0.015

-0.01

-0.005

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

560 565570 575 580585 590

Wav eleng th (nm)

F irst d erivative o f ratio sp ectr

572 nm

Figure 4. First derivative ratio spectra of ternary mixtures

of (Cr6+, Fe3+ and Ti4+)-QINZ complexes containing incre-

ment amounts of chromium. [Cr (VI)] = 1) 0.005, 2) 0.312, 3)

0.624, 4) 0.936 mol·L−1, [Fe(III)] = 2.8 mol·L−1 and [Ti(IV)]

= 7.0 mol·L−1, 1`) 1885a SRM, 2`) 1880b SRM, [Ti(IV)] = 7.0

mol·L−1 as divisor, [QINZ] = 4 × 10−4 mol·L−1, 50%(v/v)

ethanol , 0.1 mol·L−1 (NaClO4), pH 1.5.

ferric complex. The height h, corresponding to values

taken at 572 nm (zero-crossing point of ferric complex)

is proportional to chromium (VI) concentration.

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K. A. IDRISS ET AL.

658

In order to test the validity of the method, several syn-

3.6.1. Effect of Divisor

e three components can be used

3.6.2. Calibration Graphs and Statistical Analysis of

The cph, prepared by plotting the first de-

able 3. Results of analyzing synthetic mixtures containing

) 7.0 mg·L−1 Ti (IV) (divisor)

etic mixtures of chromium (VI), ferric (III) and tita-

nium (IV) were prepared and tested up to 3.0 mg·L−1 for

chromium (VI), 3.0 mg·L−1 for ferric (III) and 7.0 mg·L−1

for titanium (IV) in the ternary mixture Table 3. Mean

recoveries and the relative standard deviations were

found to be 101 and 0.96 for chromium, using Ti-QINZ

as a divisor.

The standard spectra of th

as divisor; but we found that the most favorable results

were obtained using the standard spectrum of titanium

(IV) (7.0 mg·L−1).

the Results

alibration gra

rivative divided value, 1DD, (h) versus hexavalent chro-

mium concentration gave a straight line passing through

the origin confirming the mutual independence of the

derivative signals of the three complexes. The calibration

graph obtained was linear over a range of 0.0 - 3 mg·L−1

of chromium. A critical evaluation of the proposed

method as obtained by statistical analysis of the experi-

mental results is given in Table 4. The detection limits

(at the 95% confidence level) of the proposed method for

the mean of five analyses were determined. The calcu-

lated detection limit is 25 ng/mL for chomium using Ti-

complex as a divisor.

varying amounts of Cr (VI), Fe (III) and Ti (IV) using the

proposed method and determination of Cr (VI) in some

Portland cement materials.

Composition of mixture (mg·L−1

1DD572 nm

Cr (VI) Fe (II) Ti (IV) Cr (VI), founy

0.005 2.8 7.0 0

SRCium (VIation sing

d Recover

(mg·L−1) (%)

0.005 100.0

0.312 2.8 7.0 0.3130 100.3

0.624 2.8 7.0 0.6233 99.88

0.936 2.8 7.0 0.9345 99.83

NISTM hrom) determinCr (VI) u

Cement using the proposed method diphenyl

Material carbazide

x s 95% CI x

1885a 0.0093 2.0 × 10−6x ± 0.0001 0.0096

1880b 0.0243 1.0 × 10−5x ± 0.0002 0.0234

Nf detns fmple: n umber oerminatioor each sa= 5. x: mean rs:

ecovery;

standard deviation, 1DD = the first derivative dived signal. Certified

amounts (mg·L−1), total Cr: SRM 1885a, 0.0806; SRM880b, 0.079.

Table 4. Statistical data for calibration graphs.

Regression equations r Sm

0.9998 2 4 -bs.565 = 6.0 × 103 CCr(VI ×10−------

Stand

0.9999 2 × 10−3 1 × 10−3

ard divisor 7.0 mg·L−1 Ti(IV)

1DD572 = 450 CCr(VI) + 9.0 × 10 -4

Ab = Terid

C), r ssion ffici=

Z as a reagent for the direct spec-

nclusion

nalizarin spectrophotometric method

REFERENCES

[1] H. Sedaira, K. and M. S. Abdel-

s.565= Absorbance at 565 nm, 1DD

= Cr(VI) concentration (m−1

he first d

= Regre

vative divi

coe

ed signal,

ent, S

Cr(VI) g·L m

Standard deviation of slope and Sb= Standard deviation of intercept.

4. Applications

The potential of QIN

trophotometric determination of hexavalent chromium

prompted us to explore the applicability of the method

for determination of soluble hexavalent chromium con-

tent in Portland cement according to TRGS 613 extrac-

tion procedure and the determination of total hexavalent

chromium content in Portland cement in presence of

Fe2O3 and TiO2. The validity of direct spectrophotometry

and first derivative ratio spectra-zero crossing methods

were thoroughly examined. Replicate analysis of ordi-

nary Portland and NIST cement samples SRM 1880b and

1885a were performed (representative spectra are shown

in Figures 2 and 4). Soluble hexavalent chromium con-

centration in direct spectrophotometry was determined

by measuring the absorbance at 565 nm. The total

hexavalent chromium concentration was determined by

measuring 1DD signals at appropriate wavelength. Using

Ti (IV)-QINZ complex as a divisor, Cr (VI) concentra-

tion determined by measuring 1DD signals at 572 nm

(zero-crossing point for ferric complex).

The obtained values for Cr (VI) concentrations in or-

dinary Portland and NIST cement materials by using the

proposed method were found to be in a good agreement

with those obtained by using diphenylcarbazide method

(Tables 2 and 3). In the precision study, five determina-

tions were carried out for each sample. A good precision

of the proposed method was obtained, which allow the

application of the method to the routine analysis of ce-

ment.

5. Co

The proposed qui

for the determination of Cr (VI) content of Portland ce-

ment has proved to be reliable, rapid and accurate. The

method is efficient and precise enough and has the po-

tential to be used as a rapid test method for the determi-

nation of hexavalent chromium in Portland cement.

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