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American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2013, 4, 2275-2279
Published Online November 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajps)
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.411281
Open Access AJPS
2275
Attraction of Idioscopus clypealis (Leith) (Cicadellidae:
Homoptera) to Sticky Colored Traps in Mango Orchard
Shafqat Saeed1*, Muhammad Abrar Amin1*, Qamar Saeed1, Muhammad Farooq2
1Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan;
2Directorate of Quality Enhancement, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
Email: *[email protected], *[email protected]
Received September 4th, 2013; revised October 6th, 2013; accepted October 31st, 2013
Copyright © 2013 Shafqat Saeed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted at the Faiz Chaman mango orchard, Multan to find out the attraction of mango hopper
Idioscopus clypealis to sticky traps of different colors. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block de-
signed with three replications. The sticky traps were hung vertically with the branch/twig under the canopy of mango
trees. Data were recorded under binocular stereoscope. Results indicated significant differences in the number of I. cly-
pealis (adults) captured in the different colored sticky traps. Yellow color was found most attractive with a capture of
highest number of adults of I. clypealis (11.53 adults/trap). While pink and purple colors were found less attractive. The
peak population of mango hoppers was recorded at the 31.96˚C during 25-April to 9-May. Yellow sticky traps were
found most effective in trapping a considerably higher number of hoppers throughout the study period. Correlation
analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between temperature and the mean number of I. clypealis adults. Popula-
tion peaks of I. clypealis were recorded at temperatures >30˚C, while at lower temperatures relatively low numbers of
adults were recorded.
Keywords: Mango Hoppers; Sticky Colored Traps; Mango; Attraction; Idioscopus clypealis
1. Introduction
Mango (Magifera indica L.,) is very popular and eco-
nomically important. Nearly 87 countries are known for
commercial mango production. China, India, Indonesia,
Mexico, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand are well-
known as prominent mango producing countries [1]. In
Pakistan, mango has a 2nd position among the produc-
tion of different fruits [2]. Pakistan is ranked as 5th major
producer of mango in the world [3]. Punjab and Sindh
are the main provinces for mango production in Pakistan
which contribute about 66% and 32.5% in total mango
production, while the remaining shares i.e. ≤2% come
from Khyber Pakhtun Khaw and Balochistan [4]. Paki-
stan is also a 3rd major exporter of mangoes in the world
[5]. Middle East, China and Iran are the most important
export markets of Pakistani mangoes [6].
Insect pest and diseases are the main factors that affect
mango production and yield. Mango hoppers (Idioscopus
clypealis Leth., and Amritodus atkinsoni Leth.), midge
(Erosomya indica Grover and Prasad), mealybug (Drosi-
cha stebbingii Green), scale insect (Aulaca sp is tubercu-
laris Newstead), fruit flies (Bactrocera zonata Saunders
and B. dorsalis Hendel), thrips (Frankliniella occiden-
talis Pergande) and bark beetle (Hypocryphalus mangif-
erae Stebbing) are the important insect pests which cause
damage to mango in Pakistan [7]. Among these, mango
hoppers are serious pests of mango and attack leaves,
shoots, inflorescence, flowers and sometimes fruits [8].
Out of 18 species of mango leaf hoppers in the world,
Idioscopus clypealis Leith., Amaritodus atkinsoni Leith.,
I. niveosparsus Leith., and I. nagpurensis Pruthi are the
most important [9].
Both nymphs and adults cause damage by egg laying
in florets and suck sap from tender vegetative and repro-
ductive parts resulting in withering, wilting and drying of
these parts [10,11]. Nymphs and adults of mango hop-
pers inhabit blossoming and affect fruit setting. The
nymphs cause maximum damage by sucking sap and
secrete honeydews and as a result interfere with fertiliza-
tion of flowers [12]. In case of severe infestation by
*Corresponding authors.
Attraction of Idioscopus clypealis (Leith) (Cicadellidae: Homoptera) to Sticky Colored Traps in Mango Orchard
2276
hoppers, the trees showed the burnt appearance and pho-
tosynthetic activity of infested trees was reduced due to
sooty mold [13]. Yield loss in mango due to mango hop-
pers may range from 25 - 60 percent [14].
Sticky colored traps are used for monitoring of insect
pests in the agricultural fields [15-18]. In pest manage-
ment programs, sticky traps can be used for monitoring
of insect pests. Therefore, sticky colored traps can be
used for monitoring of mango hoppers. The main objec-
tive of the present study was to determine the attractive-
ness of I. clypealis to colored sticky traps and monitor
their activity in the mango orchard throughout the study
period.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment
The present study was conducted at Faiz Chaman mango
orchard, Multan during February to May 2012. Fifteen
different colors i.e. black, blue, brown, dark yellow,
green, gray, light brown, light pink, light purple, light
yellow, orange, pink, purple, red and yellow were used
(as treatments) to find out the attraction of mango hop-
pers. The treatments were arranged in randomized com-
plete block (RCB) design with three replications. Forty
five traps were used during each fortnight.
2.2. Description of Traps
Colored sticky traps were prepared by cutting of hard-
board cards with a paper cutter. These cards were cov-
ered by plain paper sheets of 15 different colors. Insect
gum was used as a sticky material. Then, a thin layer of
polybutene insect gum was coated on both sides of the
traps. The size of each sticky trap is about 10 × 10 inches.
The sticky traps were hung vertically with the branch/
twig by rope under the canopy of mango trees. The height
of traps was approximately 2 meters. Colored sticky traps
were replaced and re-randomized with fresh sticky traps
fortnightly to remove the effect of a one specific color in
the attraction of mango hoppers. After every fortnight,
traps were removed from the trees and taken to Bio-
Ecology laboratory, Department of Entomology, BZU,
Multan for data recording, preservation and future con-
cerns.
2.3. Insect Counting
Data on each colored sticky trap was recorded fortnightly
under binocular stereoscope and numbers of adults cap-
tured were counted.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Statistix 8.1 software was used for statistical analyses.
Data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA)
and treatment means were separated by Tukey’s (HSD)
test at P =0.05. Mean number of adults were also corre-
lated with average temperatures.
3. Results
During the study period, the mean number of adult mango
hopper (I. clypealis) trapped on sticky colored traps were
ranged from 0.86 to 11.53/trap (Table 1). Statistically
significant differences were found in the number of
adults of I. clypealis captured on the sticky traps of dif-
ferent colors at P = 0.05. Yellow color was found most
attractive for adults of I. clypealis (11.53 adults/trap)
followed by dark yellow and light yellow, while attrac-
tion to other colors was not significantly different (Table
1). Pink and purple colored sticky traps were less attrac-
tive for the I. clypealis adults i.e. 0.86 and 1.13 adults/
trap respectively.
Results indicated that the peak population of I. clypealis
was recorded at the 31.96˚C during 25-April to 9-May as
shown in Table 2. Yellow sticky traps were found most
effective in trapping a considerably higher number of
hoppers throughout the study period with maximum
number of adults (29.00/trap) during 25-April to 9-May.
Whereas lowest numbers of adults were recorded during
24-February to 10-March and pink color was found least
attractive to adult mango hoppers (Table 2).
Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correla-
tion (r2 = 0.7217) between temperature and the mean
number of I. c lypealis adults (Figure 1). Population peaks
were recorded at temperatures >30˚C, while at lower
Table 1. Mean number (±SEM) of I. clypealis adults on dif-
ferent colored sticky traps.
Trap Color Mean ± SEM
Black 1.80 ± 0.87 CDE
Blue 1.46 ± 0.58 DE
Brown 3.86 ± 1.57 BCDE
Dark yellow 6.40 ± 2.13 B
Green 1.26 ± 0.35 E
Grey 3.80 ± 1.07 BCDE
Light brown 2.06 ± 0.87 CDE
Light pink 1.73 ± 0.75 CDE
Light purple 3.40 ± 1.04 BCDE
Light yellow 5.46 ± 2.08 BC
Orange 5.26 ± 0.70 BCD
Pink 0.86 ± 0.40 E
Purple 1.13 ± 0.37 E
Red 4.13 ± 1.43 BCDE
Yellow 11.53 ± 3.49 A
F 11.69
DF 14,224
P 0.000
Means followed by same letters do not differ significantly at P = 0.05.
Open Access AJPS
Attraction of Idioscopus clypealis (Leith) (Cicadellidae: Homoptera) to Sticky Colored Traps in Mango Orchard
Open Access AJPS
2277
Table 2. Population dynamics of I. clypealis (number of adults per trap) during different fortnights.
Trap Color 24/2/2012 to 10/3/2012 11/3/2012 to 25/3/201226/3/2012 to 9/4/201210/4/2012 to 24/4/20 12 25/4/2012 to 9/5/2012
Black 0.00
A
0.00
A
2.66
B
0.33
A
6.00
CD
Blue 0.00
A
0.00
A
4.33
B
0.33
A
2.66
CD
Brown 0.00
A
0.00
A
10.00
B
2.00
A
7.33
CD
Dark Yellow 0.66
A
1.66
A
4.00
B
4.00
A
21.66
AB
Green 0.00
A
2.00
A
2.00
B
1.33
A
1.00
D
Grey 0.00
A
2.00
A
9.33
B
1.00
A
6.66
CD
Light Brown 0.00
A
0.00
A
1.66
B
1.33
A
7.33
CD
Light Pink 0.00
A
1.00
A
1.00
B
0.66
A
6.00
CD
Light Purple 0.00
A
1.66
A
8.66
B
0.00
A
6.66
CD
Light Yellow 0.00
A
0.00
A
9.33
B
2.33
A
15.66
ABC
Orange 0.33
A
2.33
A
5.00
B
3.33
A
15.33
ABC
Pink 0.00
A
0.00
A
1.66
B
1.33
A
1.33
D
Purple 0.00
A
1.33
A
1.00
B
0.66
A
2.66
CD
Red 0.00
A
0.66
A
6.66
B
0.66
A
12.66
BCD
Yellow 0.66
A
0.33
A
24.33
A
3.33
A
29.00
A
Temperature (˚C) 21.46 25.00 30.66 28.93 31.96
Means followed by same letter do not differ significantly at P = 0.05.
y=0.7909x‐ 18.225
R²=0.7217
0
2
4
6
8
10
0510 15 20 25 30 35
Meannumberofadults
Temp erature(
o
C)
Figure 1. Correlation between mean number of adult I.
clypealis and temperature.
temperatures relatively low numbers of adults were re-
corded.
4. Discussion
The significant effect of trap colors was found in attrac-
tion of I. clyp ea lis . The response of I. clypealis was also
influenced by date (Tables 1 and 2). In the present study,
among different colored sticky traps evaluated, yellow
color was found most effective for capturing a higher
number of hoppers. These findings are in agreement with
[19] reported a significantly higher number of potato
hoppers adults on yellow sticky traps. [20] reported at-
traction of sharp nosed leaf hoppers to yellow color in
blueberry fields.
Results indicated that the temperature (≥25˚C) in the
February and March and flowering in mango helped in
the gradual buildup of I. clypealis population. The results
are similar to [21] found hoppers in large numbers on the
mango trees during the hot weather, particularly in the
flowering season. [22] reported the effect of environ-
mental factors on the population of I. clypealis and found
that the peak population was recorded during March-
April whereas least during December-January. The peak
population of I. clypea lis was recorded during the last
week of April to 1st week of May at 31.96˚C. This seems
to be associated with the increase in temperature. The
same results were also reported by [23] that the popula-
tion started increasing with the beginning of flowering
season in January and adult count increased from March
onwards but decreased gradually after July. [24] studied
the seasonal incidence of mango hoppers and reported
similar results.
Strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.7217) was found
between temperature and number of I. clypealis. Peak
populations were recorded at 30.67˚C and 31.96˚C and
very less number of I. clypealis were recorded at tem-
peratures ranged from 21˚C - 25˚C. According to [25], A.
Atkinsoni population was kept under control at tempera-
Attraction of Idioscopus clypealis (Leith) (Cicadellidae: Homoptera) to Sticky Colored Traps in Mango Orchard
2278
tures less than 20˚C and outbreak of the pest could occur
between 20˚C - 25˚C. The results are very much similar
to [26] reported maximum numbers of mango hopper per
shoot during March and positive significant correlation
between mango hopper population and temperature. Mild
temperature between 28.86˚C - 32.68˚C, relative humid-
ity (69 - 80.5 percent) and onset of inflorescence with
new flushes of leaves during January-March and Sep-
tember to October favored pest multiplication. [27] stud-
ied the seasonal abundance of A. atkinsoni and I. cly-
pealis on Dasheri and reported that the period from
March to May was reasonably favorable for multiplica-
tion of these pests and it coincided with the emergence of
inflorescence.
5. Findings of the Research
Among the different colors of sticky traps tested, yellow
color was found most attractive for Idioscopus clypealis.
So, yellow color was suggested for monitoring of Idio-
scopus clypealis in the mango orchards. Spraying of mango
orchards in March with insecticides recommended for
Idioscopus clypealis can prevent further buildup and
infestations of hopper populations in April.
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