The use of natural cold in the processing and storage of food in the extreme conditions of Yakutia

doi:10.4236/as.2013.49B001

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Vol.4, No.9B, 1-4 (2013) Agricultural Sciences

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2013.49B001

The use of natural cold in t he processing and storage

of food in the extreme conditions of Yakutia

A. F. Abramov

The State Scientific Institution, The Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, The Russian Academy of Agricultural

Sciences, Yakutsk, The Russian Fed eration; [email protected]

Received May 2013

ABSTRAC T

The basic directions of development on the use

of natural cold in the processing and storage of

food in the extreme conditions of Yakutia are

discussed in this paper.

Keywords: Natural Cold; Techno log ies ; Patents;

Regulations

1. INTRODUCTION

Justification fo r the use of nat u r al cold in the processing

and storage of foods is discussed. In the Far North, in-

cluding Yakutia, in the past centuries, the local popula-

tion traditionall y widel y used freezing and sto red food by

natural cold. At present, despite the high efficiency of

natural cold in the processing and storage of food in the

Far North, it is rarely used in industrial production tech-

nology, processing and storage of products. The main

reason has been the widespread use of artificial cold.

However, the high cost of electricity, equipment and re-

frigerants requires more in-depth and extensive research

on the d evelo pment of adva nce d techno logie s and e quip-

ment for the preservation and storage of natural cold

food in the extreme conditions of the North.

Expected efficiency:

- Energy savings of 40% - 50% in the period of pro-

cessing and storage as compared to using artificial cold;

- Environmental friendliness of natural cold;

- Minimum weight loss of products;

- The p roducts a re store d in bulk for m wit hout the use

of preservatives;

- High degree of conservation of taste and nutritional

products.

2. THE M AIN SOURCES OF NATURAL

COLD

In Yakutia the main sources of natural cold are: winter

cold, cold of permafrost soils and the cold accumulated

in the glaciers.

Low temperatures in winter in Yakutia are the major

source of cold, sometimes in winter the temperatures

reach to −55˚C - −60˚C. The total duration of the cold

period with temperatures below −25˚C in the Arctic and

North-Eastern areas is 150 - 160 days (from November

to March), in Central Yakutia—150 - 160 days (from

November to March), in Western Yakutia—90 days

(from December to February), in South Yakutia—60

days (from January to February). Production of frozen

food s usi ng nat ur a l co ld c a n b egin whe n t he ni g ht t e mp er-

ature reaches below −25˚C - −30˚C, (Table 1).

Perma f rost soils. T he entire ter ritory of the republic is

occupied by permafrost, which accumulated a huge stock

of cold. Power of permafrost in the country ranges from

15 m to 500 m or more (Figure 1).

3. BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF USING THE

NATURAL COLD ON THE QUALITY OF

FROZEN PRODUCT

Many scientists and researchers on the meat industry

and bio che mis ts ha ve p ro ved t he b ene fit-phase r apid freez-

ing of meat and fish products at the te mperat ure o f −30˚C

- −40˚C witho ut pr e-coo li ng o f meat a nd fis h. T he y found

that freezing at this temperature the cell structure in these

products is not damaged due to the formation of small

ice crystals, not only in the intercellular spaces, but also

in the c ells the mselves. As a res ult, durin g defrostatio n of

a frozen meat and fish products the losses are minimal,

and they retain the primary structure, lose less juice, kept

pac kaging and nutritional quality of fresh products.

In the F ar Nort h, including Yakutia , autumn and winte r

slaughter of deer, cattle, horses, when the cold tempera-

ture reaches −25˚C - −30˚C, winter ice fishing has been

practiced since ancient times, and in the winter months.

At this temperature, there is a rapid freezing of meat and

fish, equivalent to a single-phase frozen meat and fish

products, where food quality is fully preserved.

According to the results of our studies, the production

of frozen potatoes, vegetables, fruit, meat, dairy and fish

products is practically conserved quality of fresh prod-

A. F. Abramov / Agricultural Sciences 4 (2013) 1-4

Table 1. Dynamics of air temperature in the Republic of Sakh a (Yakutia).

Months M onthly Avera ged Air T e mper ature, t ˚C

in the Arctic and North-Eastern Areas in Centr al Yakutia in Wes ter n Ya kut ia in So ut h Ya k ut ia

I −41.6 −47 .1 −32 .5 −31 .4

II −38.7 −41 .7 −31 .0 −29 .4

III −33 .2 −29 .8 −15 .0 −13 .1

IV −22 .6 −14 .8 −10 .7 −5.1

V −6.6 −2 .1 +5 .1 + 5 .5

VI +5.6 +10 .1 + 14 .1 +13 .0

VII +8 .8 + 13 .6 +1 8.1 +16 .7

VIII +5 .4 + 11 .2 +11.5 +15 .0

IX −0 .6 −0 .5 + 9.9 +10 .8

X −14.1 −18 .8 −8.5 −3 .1

XI −30.2 −42 .5 −18 .5 −15 .1

XII −49 .5 −49 .5 −29 .9 −22.5

Figure 1. Map of permafrost.

A. F. Abramov / Agricultural Sciences 4 (2013) 1-4

ucts in the process of rapid freezing. Major cha nges have

occurred in the process of further storage, depending on

the terms and conditions of storage of frozen products.

Originality and competition of research are protected

by the following patents of the Russian Federation and

regulations:

The list of technical conditions and received patents by RF for inventions on the use of natural cold for processing and storage.

Description of w o rk s Output data Authors

Patents

Preservation method of

mare’s milk with cold 2272415 Russian Federation: А23С 3/04/applicant and patentee The Yakut Scientific Research

Ins titute of Agricul ture - №2004110469/13; stated 06.04.2004; published 27.03.2006, bulletin № 9. Abramov A.F .

Pavlova A.I .

Refrigerator with cold outside

air for the Far North regions

2285391 Russian Federation: А01J 9/04, J25D 1/00, F25D 3/00/applicant and p atentee The Yakut

Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture - № 2004137065/12; stated 17.12.2004; published

20.10.2006, bulletin № 29.

Abramov A.F .

Zverev S.S.

Winter cold fridge-bat ter y 22015 65 Russia n F ede r ation/app l icant and patentee The Yakut Scienti fic Research Instit ute of

Agriculture - № 2000127365; stated 21.10.00; published 27.03.2003

Abramov A.F .

Buslaev I.G.

Zverev S.S.

Winter cold fridge-bat ter y 2344251 Russian Federation: Е04Н 5/10 (2006.01), F25D (2006/01)/applicant and patentee The

Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture - № 2007106303/03; stated 19.02.07; published

20.01.09, bulletin № 2.

Abramov A.F .

Buslaev I.G.

Zverev S.S.

Method for processing

pot ato es 2170516 Russian Federation: 7 А 23 В 7/04, А 23 N 7/02/applicant and patentee T he Yakut Scientific

Rese a r ch Institute of Agricultur e - № 98107504/13; stated 21.04.98; published 20.07.01, bulletin № 20.

Abramov A.F .

Korobitzyn R.I.

Met hod of freezi ng potatoes

and vegetabl es 21 5380 7 Rus sia n F ederatio n /app l icant and patentee The Yakut Scienti fic Research Insti tute of

Agriculture - № 98101959/13; stated 06.02.98; published 10.08.00, bulletin № 22. Abramov A.F .

Korobitzyn R.I.

Qui ck -freezi ng machi ne for

freezing bulk, crushed and

sma l l sized food

223 91 3 4 Rus sia n F ederatio n /applicant and patentee The Yakut Scientific Research I nstitute of

Agriculture - № 2003113997; stated 12.05.03; published 27.11.04. Buslaev I.G.

Abramov A.F .

Meth od of producti on of low

fat butter “Yakut hay ah ” 2266009 Russian Federation: А 23 С 15/16/app l icant and patentee The Yakut Scien tific Research

Ins titute of Agric ulture - № 2003113996/13; stated 12.05.03; published 20.02.05, bulletin № 25. Abramov A.F .

Efimova А.А.

Washing machi ne for small

bat ches of potatoes and

veget ab les

2284136 Russian Federation: А23N 12/02/applicant and patentee The Yakut Scientific Research

Ins titute of Agric ulture - № 2004139169/13; stated 31.12.04; published 27.09.06, bulletin № 27. Buslaev I.G.

Abramov A.F .

Met hod of freezi ng potatoes

with natural cold 2118092 Russian Federation: 6 А 23 В 7/04, А 01 F 25/00/appli cant and patentee The Yakut Scienti fic

Research Institute of Agriculture - № 96111378/13; stated 05.06.96; published 27.08.98, bulletin № 24.

Korobitzyn R.I.

Abramov A.F .

The receiving bin-dryer for

potato 239 5 1 9 2 R us sia n F ederatio n /applicant and p atentee The Yakut Scienti fic Research Insti t ute of

Agriculture - № 2008139724/12; stated 06.10.08; published 27.07.10, bulletin № 21. Sozonov N.К.

Abramov A.F .

Technical condi tio ns

Yaku t hay ah ТУ 9222-006-00670207 -02. Date of implementation 15 of March 2004. Abramov A.F.

Efimova А.А.

National semifinished

products of meat and horse

foals ТУ 921400-001-44075281-00 Date of implementation 28 December 2000. Abramov A.F .

Prokopyeva Т.V.

Frozen fish waste (from

freshwater fish of Yakutia) ТУ 9267-018-00670203 -2007. Date of implemen tation 12.05.20 07. Abramov A.F.

Filip pov G.G.

The potato frozen by the

natural cold ТУ 9166-001-00670203-2002. Date of i mplementation 02.07.2002. Abramov A.F .

Frozen tar ТУ 9222-025-00670203-2010. Dat e of implementation 10.05 .2010. Abramov A.F .

Stepanov К.М.

Eliseyeva L.I.

Frozen mare’s mi l k ТУ 9222-010-00670203-2004. Date of i mplementati on 13.09.2004. Pavlova А.I

Modular setup for freezing

meat and fish, the model:

МУЗ-07-10 ТУ 3644-001-86165785-2010. Date of imp lementation 08.09 .2010. Grigoryev I.N.

Abramov A.F .

A. F. Abramov / Agricultural Sciences 4 (2013) 1-4

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