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 Sociology Mind 2013. Vol.3, No.4, 317-324 Published Online October 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/sm) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sm.2013.34043 Copyright © 2013 SciRes. 317 Does Work Environment Affect Faculty Health Scores? Rhonda C. Magel Department of Statistics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, USA Email: [email protected] Received August 7th, 2013; revised September 11th, 2013; accepted September 28th, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Rhonda C. Magel. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons At- tribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This study investigates the relationship between self-reported health scores with work environment and various components of a women faculty score at a Research 1 University in the Midwest USA. The study examines the differences between male and female faculty responses in the various components making up the women faculty score and also gender differences in self-reported health scores and work environ- ment scores. Differences between STEM and Non-STEM faculty are examined. A significant positive re- lationship is found between self-reported health scores and work environment controlling for gender. The study finds that the overall university work environment has a stronger relationship to faculty health than adequate gender ratio, women climate, and women leadership, even for women faculty. No significant differences in responses are found between STEM and Non-STEM faculty for women climate, women leadership, health scores, and work environment scores. Significant differences are found only in ade- quate gender ratio. Keywords: Higher Education; Gender Differences; STEM Fields; Job Climate Purpose The purpose of this research is to investigate any relationship of health with work climate and other environmental factors for faculty in higher education. This study is interested in any gen- der effects and whether or not any relationships among these factors differ between Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) faculty and Non-STEM faculty. Previous Studies Previous Gender Studies in Higher Education During the past several years, studies have been conducted to evaluate gender differences. Some of this research has focused on salary inequities including studies by Thacker (1995); Balzer and Bourdreau (1996); Bourdreau, Sullivan, Balzer, Ryan, Yonker, Thorsteinson, and Hutchinson (1997); Bellas (1993); Sosin, Rives, and West (1998); Burke, Duncan, Krall, and Spencer (2005); Toumanoff (2005); Porter, Toutkoushian, and Moore (2008); Barbezat and Hughes (2005); Travis, Gross, and Johnson (2009). Others have presented methods to help correct for gender dif- ferences in salary including work by Oaxaca and Ransom (2002), Weistroffer, Spinelli, Canavos, and Fuhs (2010), and Haney and Forkenbrock (2006). Student evaluation of teaching and gender impact has been studied by Laube, Massoni, Sprague, and Ferber (2007); Brady and Eisler (1999); Worthington (2002); Burns-Glover and Veith (1995); Sprinkle (2008). One study found that male teachers were more often classified by their students as professors while female teachers were more often classified as instructors (Miller & Chamberlin, 2000). The work climate and environment of women faculty mem- bers has also been studied. Bronstein and Farnsworth (1998) reported from the results of a campus climate survey that women were more likely to feel left out, discriminated against by stu- dents, and treated unfairly in promotions and tenure decisions. Cress and Hart (2009) reported their findings at two different universities saying that men and women faculty members within the same university and department often experience different environments. Some studies have focused on women in science and engi- neering fields (STEM disciplines). In particular, a survey was done on women faculty in the College of Science at Massachu- setts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1999 and followed up in 2003. In 2004, a set of matched men faculty were also inter- viewed at MIT. The researchers in the MIT study found that women were more likely to be given larger service loads, more likely to feel left out of interactions with colleagues, and more likely to feel stressed from a work/family life balance due to university policies. Women were also more likely to feel un- fairly treated in promotional and tenure decisions (Hult, 2005). A study by Blackwell, Synder, Mavriplis (2009) found that women in STEM fields reported a more negative environment. There has been research which relates the work climate and environmental conditions of women faculty to job and career satisfaction. August and Waltman (2004) found that overall ca- reer satisfaction for faculty women was related to their envi- ronmental conditions using Hagedorn’s (2000) model. August and Waltman found that having a mentor, and salaries compa- rable to their male counterparts, resulted in a more positive work environment for women faculty. They also found that having collegial peer relations was significant for non-tenured women and being involved with departmental relations was significant for tenured women for a more positive environment.  R. C. MAGEL Copyright © 2013 SciRes. 318 Hult (2005) found that women faculty were less likely to be satisfied with their job or career because of the more negative environmental conditions. Settles, Cortina, Malley, and Stewart (2006, 2007) found that a negative environment led to lower job satisfaction among women faculty. Other research examining the relationship between campus environment and job or career satisfaction have reported similar findings (Glen, 2007), Greene, Stockard, Lewis, and Richmond (2010), Blackwell, Synder, Mavriplis (2009), and Cress and Hart (2009). Glen (2007) reports on a survey of 962 full-time faculty members at one university that finds women felt they were more likely to be ignored and they were more likely to be stressed. Viefers, Christie, and Ferdos (2006) discuss their find- ings as to why they feel there are very few women on physic faculties in Sweden. Xu (2008) found that the faculty turnover rate for women in higher education institutions in the STEM disciplines was higher than for men. Xu’s research links the higher turnover rate with women receiving less support, having fewer opportu- nities for advancement, and not as much of an opportunity to have a voice. Previous Studies Linking Job Climate with Health Studies have been conducted examining the relationship be- tween job climate/environment with physical and psychological health of various types of workers. Some of these studies have involved gender. Messing, Lippel, Demers, & Mergler (2000) studied occupational illnesses with regard to gender in blue collar workers in Canada. Their research found that women reported more sicknesses and occupational illnesses than men. Holmgren, Hensing, and Dellve (2010) studied the relationship between organizational climate and number of days absent because of sickness in the general population in Sweden. Find- ings were similar to the studies of Messing et al. (2000). Abram- son (2007) studied mid-life women (ages 40 - 54) in various jobs in Canada and found that women working in negative en- vironmental conditions were more likely to suffer from physical and/or mental ailments. Miner-Rubino, Settles, Stewart (2009) considered a sample of 87 college educated white women and looked at their per- ceptions of workplace climate, job satisfaction, and general health. If a woman had a positive perception of her workplace climate, and there were a larger percentage of women at the level above, the woman’s general health seemed to be higher than when compared to the general health of women who had a smaller percentage of women at the level above and a positive workplace climate. When the woman responding had a negative perception of her workplace climate, and there were a larger percentage of women at the level above, the woman’s general health was generally worse than when there was a smaller per- centage of women at the level above. It appears that workplace climate is an important factor in the general health of women and the number of women at the level above the subject has an interaction effect with climate. Miner-Rubino et al. (2009) found these findings with regard to the general health of a woman were particularly strong for women sensitive to sexism. Dollard and Bakker (2010) examined the association between workplace climate and psychological health of education work- ers in Australia. Their research suggested an association be- tween workplace climate and health. Previous Health/Climate Studies in Universities There has been some recent research studying the relation- ship between health and environment in higher education. Tyther- leigh, Jacobs, Webb, Ricketts, & Cooper (2005, 2007) studied occupational stress and work environment in English Higher Education Institutions. They found that women reported a sig- nificantly higher level of stress at the older universities which were more male dominated. Jacobs, Tytherleigh, Webb, and Cooper (2007) found that a poorer work environment for em- ployees at English Higher Education Institutions was also asso- ciated with lower levels of job performance and more work days missed because of the increase in physical and mental health problems. Catano, Francis, Haines, Kirpalani, Shannon, Stringer, & Lozanzki (2010) studied occupational stress and work envi- ronment in Canadian universities. Their study found that women reported significantly higher stress levels in the following areas: work-life conflict; unfairness by the administration; unfairness in rewards; and work load. Winefield, Gillespic, Stough, Dua, Hapuarachchi, & Boyd (2003) studied stress of workers in Australian universities. The study found that faculty had higher reported stress levels than non-faculty. Previous Efforts to Improve Climate Efforts have been made to improve the campus environment for women. Henry and Nixon (1994) discuss some of these efforts. Piercy, Giddings, Allen, Meszaros, and Joest (2005) introduced pilot programs to help improve the environment of all faculty members, particularly those of color. In 2005, the President of Harvard announced that 50 million dollars would be spent over the next 10 years in an effort to improve campus climate for everyone (Fields, 2005). The University of Wiscon- sin-Madison has been holding departmental workshops on im- proving climate and has made documents available online to help improve the department climate including “Recommended Actions for Enhancing Department Climate” (2011) and “En- hancing Department Climate: A Guide for Department Chairs” (2011). Abadie, Christy, Jones, Wang, and Lima (2009) con- ducted a longitudinal survey of women faculty in biological and agricultural engineering in the hopes of finding ways to help improve the climate of women in these areas. Unfortunately, Valian (2004) writes that progress is slow in climate change for women faculty. Summary of Previous Studies Summarizing the aforementioned studies, women faculty in higher education often face a more negative climate/environ- ment than men faculty, particularly in the STEM disciplines. This more negative climate has led to a lower percentage of women faculty in higher education satisfied with their jobs and/or careers. Studies in the general population have found that a more negative climate/environment for women more often results in physical and mental health symptoms (Miner-Rubino et al., 2009; Abramson, 2007; Messing et al., 2000). Some studies at higher education institutions have suggested this may also be true for women in higher education particularly at male dominated universities (Tytherleigh et al., 2007; Catano et al., 2009). There also have been studies that have suggested that there is more stress in academic jobs than  R. C. MAGEL Copyright © 2013 SciRes. 319 other jobs (Tylerleigh, Webb, Cooper, & Rickets, 2005). Women in jobs that reported more stress and a poorer environment have more sickness. If academic jobs cause even more stress than the norm and female faculty have higher levels of stress than male faculty, female faculty could have more physical ailments. This could be further magnified for mid-life female faculty if the findings for the general population hold true for female faculty in higher education (Abramson, 2007). Purpose of Re se a rc h The main questions that arose after examining the past lit- erature are the following: “Is there a relationship between a faculty member’s general health and the work climate or other environmental factors after controlling for gender?” and “Is there a difference in the work climate and other environmental factors between STEM and Non-STEM faculty? If there is a difference, does this difference affect the overall health of a faculty member?” Description of Variables Research conducted at a Research 1 university in the Mid- west was designed to help answer the previous questions and to study the relationship of self-reported general health of both male and female faculty members along with various factors within the university. A work life survey was composed con- sisting mainly of questions taken from the WESLLI survey with a few questions adapted to fit the university being sur- veyed (Faculty Work life Survey, 2006). Institutional Review Board Approval was obtained for the study. The survey was administered electronically through a faculty listserv. The sur- vey went out to all tenured or tenure-track faculty members in mid-December 2008. Faculty were given through early Febru- ary 2009 to respond. There were 224 faculty members who responded to at least some of the questions on the survey out of a total of 488 faculty members. This was a 45.9% response rate. Responses were anonymous and collected by a third party not involved with this research. Data is given on the North Dakota State University—Forward webpage (NDSU 2010). Several questions on the survey were combined to form three scores for all responding faculty members. These three scores were the following: work environment score; composite health score; and women faculty score. The work environment score for a faculty member was a combined score based of the faculty member’s responses, each on a four point scale, to statements on the following 19 items: respected by colleagues; respected by students; respected by staff; respected by chair; excluded form informal network; encounter unwritten rules; colleagues solicit my opinion; research is mainstream; colleagues value my research; a lot of work not formally recognized; “fit in”; feel isolated in department; feel isolated at the university; full and equal participant; voice in resource allocation; meetings allow shared views; committee assignments are fair; chair involves me in decision-making; and overall satisfaction with job at the university. The response that a faculty member gave to his/her overall job satisfaction counted double in their work environ- mental score. Responses were recoded for each of the 19 items so that a higher response indicated the faculty member was more positive on that item. A faculty member could receive a work environment score between 20 and 80. A score of 50 in- dicated a “neutral” work environment. A score below 50 would indicate a “negative” work environment. A score above 50 would indicate a “positive” work environment. The composite health score for a faculty member was based on the faculty member’s responses to their overall health (this counted double); and whether or not they were happy, fatigued, stressed, nervous, depressed, short-tempered, well-rested, or physically fit. All responses to individual components were based on a four point scale. The points were assigned to the individual items so that a higher score was better. The mini- mum health score that a faculty member could receive was 10 and the maximum score was 40. A score of 30 indicated “good” health while a score of 20 indicated “fair” health, with the mid- dle score being 25. A women faculty score was also calculated for each faculty member responding to the survey. This score consisted of add- ing the faculty member’s responses to three components of the work life survey: adequate gender ratio score; women climate score; and women leadership score. The adequate gender ratio score was a composite of the weighted responses from whether there were too few women in the department, whether or not the department had identified ways to recruit women faculty, and whether or not the department has actively recruited women faculty. The active recruitment response was multiplied by three and the identifying response was multiplied by two. The adequate gender ratio score could range between 6 and 24 for a responding faculty member. A higher gender ratio score indi- cated more women faculty and/or efforts being made to recruit more women faculty. The women climate score was a compos- ite of responses to whether or not the climate for women in the department is good (this was multiplied by three); whether or not the department has taken steps to enhance the climate for women (this was multiplied by two); and whether or not the department has identified ways to enhance the climate. A fac- ulty member’s response to the women climate score could range between 6 and 24 with a higher score indicating a better climate. The women leadership score was a composite of re- sponses to the following: department has made an effort to promote women (this was multiplied by three); department has identified ways to move more women into leadership positions (this was multiplied by two); and the department has too few women in leadership positions. A faculty member’s response to the women leadership score could also range between 6 and 24. It is noted that responses to statements such as “ the department has too few women in leadership positions” were recoded so that a higher number response indicates that the faculty member felt there were several women in leadership positions and/or a lot of effort was being made to get women into leadership posi- tions. Since the women’s faculty score is the sum of the re- sponses from the adequate gender ratio score, the women cli- mate score and the women leadership score, the women’s fac- ulty score ranges between 18 and 72. A score of 45 would in- dicate a neutral woman’s faculty score so that overall, the situa- tion for women as that person perceives it would be neither positive nor negative. Preliminary Research Analysis Some preliminary analysis was done to help determine where gender differences existed before the main purpose of the re- search was considered. The preliminary analysis also explored whether any differences existed among the factors being con- sidered between STEM and Non-STEM faculty.  R. C. MAGEL Copyright © 2013 SciRes. 320 A two-sample t-test was conducted to test for gender differ- ences in the composite work environment score (WE). Men and women faculty were found to have significantly different work environment scores (p-value = .000). The sample mean work environment score for men was found to be 62.9 while for women it was 56.2. Recall that a score of 50 indicated a neutral work environment, so on average both men and women faculty reported positive work environments with men reporting on average a more positive work environment than women. A regression analysis was conducted to determine whether the work environment scores differed between STEM and Non- STEM faculty while controlling for gender. The gender indica- tor variable was set equal to 1 if the faculty member was a man and 2 if the faculty member was a woman. The STEM indicator was equal to 1 if the faculty member was in a STEM discipline and 0 otherwise. It was found that the STEM indicator variable was not significant (p-value = .804) with the gender indicator variable in the model. This study did not find a significant dif- ference in work environment scores between those faculty in STEM and Non-STEM disciplines. The average work envi- ronment scores for women in STEM and Non-STEM based on the sample were 56.81 and 56.4, respectively. These were based on sample sizes of 32 and 38, respectively. The average work environment scores for men in STEM and Non-STEM based on the sample were 62.46 and 63.79, respectively. These were based on sample sizes of 46 and 34, respectively. A two sample t-test was conducted to determine if male and female faculty members had significantly different self-reported health scores. The self-reported composite health scores be- tween men and women were found to be significantly different (p-value = .000). The average male and female health scores for the sample were 29.86 and 26.02, respectively. (Recall that a health score of 30 indicated “good” health, while a health score of 20 indicated “fair” health.) A regression analysis was con- ducted to see if STEM and Non-STEM faculty members had different health scores while controlling for gender. No signifi- cant difference was found between the self-reported health scores of STEM and Non-STEM faculty members while controlling for gender (p-value = .170). The health scores for STEM and Non-STEM women faculty in the sample were found to be 25.34 and 26.681, respectively, based on sample sizes of 35 and 47. The health scores for STEM and Non-STEM men faculty in the sample were found to be 29.386 and 30.537, respectively, based on sample sizes of 57 and 41. Gender differences were tested for in the various components of three segments making up the women faculty score. The first component considered was the adequate gender ratio score (AG). A regression analysis was conducted with the adequate gender ratio score as the dependent variable. Gender was sig- nificant (p-value = .001) with men having significantly higher scores than women. Not surprisingly, it was found that men and women do have significantly different views on whether the present number of women faculty was adequate, on effort being made to identify ways to recruit women faculty, and on the effort being made to recruit women faculty. Responses were considered between faculty in the STEM disciplines and faculty in the Non-STEM disciplines. A regression analysis was con- ducted on the adequate gender ratio score to determine whether or not there was a significant difference between STEM and Non-STEM faculty responses while controlling for gender. STEM was significant with gender in the model (p-value = .006) with faculty in the Non-STEM disciplines having higher adequate gender ratio scores. The average adequate gender ratio scores for STEM and Non-STEM women were 14.944 and 16.50, re- spectively, based on sample sizes of 36 and 49. The average adequate gender ratio scores for STEM and Non-STEM men were 16.811, and 19.00, respectively, based on sample sizes of 61 and 43. The adequate gender ratio score could range be- tween 6 and 24, with the middle value being 15. The second component considered in the women faculty score was the women climate score (WC). A two-sample t-test was conducted between male and female responses to the women climate score. Gender was found to be significant (p-value = .004). Men perceive the climate for women to be significantly better than women perceive the climate for women. A regres- sion analysis was conducted with women climate score being the dependent variable testing whether or not there was a sig- nificant difference in responses between STEM and Non- STEM faculty while controlling for gender. The indicator vari- able for STEM was not significant when further added to the model (p-value = .954) indicating that the climate perceptions of women in both STEM and Non-STEM, are not significantly different. The average women climate scores for women in the sample for STEM and Non-STEM were found to be 18.19, and 17.353, respectively based on sample sizes of 36 and 48. The average women climate scores for men in the sample for STEM and Non-STEM were found to be 20.03, and 20.619, respec- tively based on sample sizes of 60 and 42. The average women climate score could range from 6 to 24, with 15 being the mid- dle value. The third component considered was the women leadership score (WL). A two-sample t-test was conducted between male and female faculty women leadership scores. It was found that men significantly perceive that the number of women in lead- ership positions is adequate and more effort is being made to get women in leadership positions than women (p-value = .000). A regression analysis was conducted with women leadership scores as the dependent variable testing whether there was a significant difference between STEM and Non-STEM responses while controlling for gender. The indicator variable for STEM was not significant with gender in the model (p-value = .695) which implies that the responses for women in both the STEM and Non-STEM areas were not significantly different. The sample average responses for women in STEM and Non-STEM were 15.40 and 16.06, respectively, based on sample sizes of 35 and 47. The sample average responses for men in STEM and Non-STEM were 19.661 and 19.86, respectively, based on sample sizes of 59 and 43. Women in both the STEM and Non- STEM disciplines found the adequacy of the number of women in leadership positions and the opportunity for women in lead- ership positions to be about the same. Health Score versus Women Faculty Score This study investigated the relationship between health score and the women faculty score. A regression analysis was con- ducted with health score as the dependent variable and the women faculty score as the independent variable while control- ling for gender and whether or not the faculty member was in a STEM discipline. The STEM indicator variable was not sig- nificant and was taken out of the model (p-value = .323). The women faculty score was significant in predicting the health score with gender differences taken into account (p-value = .026). The estimated coefficient for this was positive indicating that  R. C. MAGEL Copyright © 2013 SciRes. 321 there is a positive correlation between the women faculty score and the health score controlling for gender. If the women fac- ulty score increases, the health score tends to increase. It is noted, however, that the R2 for this model is only .123 indicat- ing that only 12.3% of the variation in health scores is ex- plained by gender and the women faculty score. The results for the regression analysis may be found in Table 1. Health Score versus Work Environment Score This study investigated the relationship between health score and work environment score. A regression analysis was con- ducted with health score as the dependent variable and work environment score as the independent variable while control- ling for gender and whether or not the faculty member was in a STEM discipline. The STEM indicator variable was not sig- nificant (p-value = .711) and was taken out of the model. Work environment was significant in predicting the health scores with gender differences taken into account (p-value = .000). The esti- mated coefficient for the work environment variable was posi- tive indicating that work environment and health scores are positively correlated taking gender into account. Work environ- ment scores and gender account for slightly over 30% of the variation in health scores. Results are given in Table 2. For every extra increase of one point in the work environment score, it is estimated that the health score will increase by .252. Work environment scores still accounted for about 30% of the varia- tion in health scores even without gender in the model. The women faculty score was added to the model with gender and work environment scores in the model. It was found that the women faculty score was not significant with the work envi- ronment score and gender in the model (p-value = .284). The work environment score was significant while controlling for Table 1. Regression analysis: Health score versus women faculty score and gender. The regression equation is health score = 29.4 + .065*WF − 3.324*gender WF = women faculty score 183 cases used, 17 cases contain missing values Predictor Coef SE Coef T p Constant 29.422 2.361 12.46 .000 WF .065 .029 2.24 .026 Gender −3.324 .902 −3.68 .000 (1 = M; 2 = F) S = 5.840 R-Sq = 12.3% R-Sq(adj) = 11.3% Table 2. Regression analysis-health score versus work environment and gen- der. The regression equation is health score = 15.7 + .252*WE − 2.179*gender WE = work environment score 152 cases used, 48 cases contain missing values Predictor Coef SE Coef T p Constant 15.694 2.844 5.52 .000 WE .252 .036 6.92 .000 Gender −2.179 .877 −2.48 .014 (1 = M; 2 = F) S = 5.19 R-Sq = 31.6% R-Sq(adj) = 30.7% the women faculty score and gender (p-value = .000). The work environment score is more significant in predicting the health score than the women faculty score and both are not needed in the model. Health Score versus 3 Components of Women Faculty Score Because the women faculty score is made up of three com- ponents, this study wanted to examine the relationship of the three components of the women faculty score and the health score. The three components that make up this score include the adequate gender ratio score (AG), the women climate score (WC), and the women leadership score (WL). A backwards stepwise regression analysis at a .10 significance level was con- ducted with health score as the dependent variable and adequate gender ratio score, women climate score, and women leadership scores as the independent variables, while controlling for gen- der. STEM was placed in the initial model to determine whether or not STEM made a difference. Since the p-value was for the STEM indicator variable was .271 and this variable was taken out of the model. The only variable remaining in the model besides the gender indicator variable was the women climate variable. The adequate gender ratio variable or the women lead- ership variable was not significant in predicting health scores with the women climate variable in the model. A regression analysis was conducted with health score as the dependent variable and women climate score as the independ- ent variable while controlling for gender. The R2 value for this model was .1278 indicating that about 12.78% of the variation in health scores was explained by women climate score and gender. Interaction between gender and women climate score was tested for significance and found not to be significant. There was about the same amount of variation in health scores explained when the women faculty score (12.3%) was used as the independent variable instead of the women climate score. This result suggests that it is the climate that has more of a relationship with health than either the adequate gender ratio or the number of women in leadership positions. Results may be found in Table 3. Health Score versus Work Environment and 3 Components of Women Faculty Score Both a stepwise and backwards regression procedure was performed with health score as the dependent variable with women climate (WC), women leadership (WL), adequate gender ratio score (AG), and work environment (WE) as the independent variables, while controlling for gender. STEM was left out since it was not significant. Both the stepwise and backwards regression procedures ended up with the same model and that model contained only work environment with gender. The re- sults for the backwards regression procedure may be found in Table 4. An interaction term between environment and gender was added to the model, tested for significance, and found not to be significant (p = .896). The interaction term was taken out of the model. Recall that in the study by Miner-Rubino et al. (2009) whether or not a large percentage of women at the level above was a positive factor in determining the health for women was dependent upon whether the particular woman under con- sideration viewed the climate as positive or negative. Climate was the lead important factor in their study. This current study is having similar findings with regard to climate. This current  R. C. MAGEL Copyright © 2013 SciRes. 322 Table 3. Stepwise regression: Health score versus gender, adequate gender ratio score, women climate score, women leadership score. Backward elimination. Alpha-to-Remove: .1 AG = adequate gender ratio score; WC = women climate score; WL = women leadership score; Gender = 1 if male and 0 if female Response is health score on 4 predictors, with N = 183 Step 1 2 3 Constant 29.28 29.42 29.81 Gender Coefficient −3.43 −3.48 −3.470 T-Value −3.80 −3.94 −3.940 p-Value .00 .00 .000 AG Coefficient .049 .052 T-Value .490 .530 p-Value .628 .594 WC Coefficient .134 .145 .174 T-Value 1.330 1.620 2.470 p-Value .184 .107 .014 WL Coefficient .022 T-Value .220 p-Value .823 S 5.85 5.83 5.82 R-Sq 12.94 12.91 12.78 R-Sq(adj) 10.98 11.45 11.81 Table 4. Stepwise regression: Health score versus women climate, gender, work environment score, women leadership score, and number of women score. Backward elimination. Alpha-to-Remove: .1 AG = adequate gender ratio score; WC = women climate score; WE = work environment score; WL = women faculty score; Gender = 1 if male and 0 if female Response is health score on 5 predictors, with N = 148 Step 1 2 3 4 Constant 15.00 14.70 15.61 15.12 WC Coefficient −.124 −.159 −.079 T-Value −1.120 −1.60 −.990 P-Value .263 .111 .322 Gender Coefficient −2.220 −2.100 −2.050 −1.970 T-Value −2.440 −2.350 −2.290 −2.200 P-Value .016 .020 .024 .029 WE Coefficient .278 .276 .275 .256 T-Value 6.650 6.630 6.580 6.880 P-Value .000 .000 .000 .000 WL Coefficient −.071 T-Value −.720 P-Value .470 AG Coefficient .144 .132 T-Value 1.45 1.35 P-Value .149 .180 S 5.17 5.16 5.18 5.18 R-Sq 33.24 32.99 32.14 31.67 R-Sq(adj) 30.89 31.12 30.72 30.73 study did not consider the number of women at the level above, but examined how the responder felt about the adequacy of the number of women and/or efforts to increase the number of women as well the number of women in leadership positions and the efforts made to increase the number of women in lead- ership positions. The reason for this is that in several depart- ments, there were not any women at the level above. The ade- quate gender ratio score and the women leadership score were not significant either by just themselves in the model or when put in the model with women climate while controlling for gender (p-values = .125 and .077, respectively). In the Miner- Rubino et al. (2009) study, it was the perceived climate over the percentage of women at the level above that mattered first when considering overall health of women. This study is also finding that climate has the greater impact. The present study considered both a women’s climate score and an environmental score. The women’s climate score asked for responses about the climate for women and possible efforts being made to improve the climate for women within a depart- ment. The environmental score asked for responses from the individual about how they thought the environment was for them, whether or not they “fit in”, how they were treated by students and staff, and in general about the overall University environment, not just the environment for the Department. Conclusion This research found a relationship between self-reported health scores and women’s climate scores while controlling for gender. A relationship was found between self-reported health scores and environment scores while controlling for gender. The sec- ond relationship was the more significant of the two accounting for over 30% of the variation in health scores. Some observa- tions were made as a result of this analysis. It appears that working with individual departments to help improve the cli- mate for women in their departments is useful to improve health scores. However, work needs to be done at addressing the environment for the entire University for everyone if health scores are to improve. The environment considers how the fac- ulty member is treated by students and staff and other col- leagues who may be outside the department. The environment score also has the individual considering whether or not they feel isolated in the university, in addition to the department, and whether their research is valued. This study did not find a relationship between adequate gen- der ratio and the health scores. When the adequate gender ratio was placed in the regression with gender, it was not significant in predicting health scores (p-value = .125). It was also not significant when placed in the model with the women’s climate score of the environmental score. The adequate gender ratio scores were higher among Non-STEM faculty than STEM fac- ulty, but self-reported health scores for women in the Non- STEM disciplines were not significantly different than self- reported health scores for women in the STEM disciplines. Work environment scores for faculty in the STEM disciplines were not significantly different from work environment scores in the Non-STEM disciplines. There was a difference based on gender, but women in both STEM and Non-STEM reported about the same average work environment score. A relationship was found between self-reported health scores and environment scores. It is recommended that if universities want to improve the health of their faculty members, they work  R. C. MAGEL Copyright © 2013 SciRes. 323 on improving their overall environment. The adequate gender ratio score did not make an overall difference in women’s health scores. 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