Screening of Potato Lines Including Department Genetic & National Plant Gene Bank of Iran for Resistance to Early Blight (<i>Alternaria. solani</i>) Using Culture Filtrate Produced by the Fungus

doi:10.4236/ajps.2013.410256

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American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2013, 4, 2043-2047

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.410256 Published Online October 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajps) 2043

Screening of Potato Lines Including Department Genetic &

National Plant Gene Bank of Iran for Resistance to Early

Blight (Alternaria. solani) Using Culture Filtrate Produced

by the Fungus

Hamid Reza Mirkarimi1*, Ahmad Abasi Moghadam2, Javad Mozafari2

1Department of Plant breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;

2Department of Genetics & National Plant Gene-Bank, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Mahdasht RD, Karaj, Iran.

Email: *[email protected]

Received August 12th, 2013; revised September 12th, 2013; accepted October 12th, 2013

License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT

Potato is a plant that can be influenced by early blight disease. Early blight is one of the most destructive plant diseases,

especially in the members of solanaceae family. This disease can reduce yield. Experiment design was a factorial ran-

domized complete design to evaluate the isolate pathogenic Alternaria solani in National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, dur-

ing 2008-2009. This experiment was conducted with three replications, and the factors include test methods and three

lines 9506, 10908-05 and 10908-18 with genotypes of Agria, Casmos and Desiree (susceptible) and Delta (resistant con-

trol). Analysis of variance table was based on the area under the disease progress curve, indicating the effects of the ex-

perimental methods; genotype and their interactions are significant at the 1% level. In greenhouse evaluation, the

symptoms appeared on, the first day. In this method the area under the curve progression was noted in 10 times, but in

vitro method, the symptoms of this evaluation appeared on the first or second day. The Evaluation was carried out after

inoculation, and was noted 6 times. The results indicate that genotypes and lines are located in four different groups. In

this case, line 9506 and Cosmos were quite sensitive to the surface, and Desiree, is located in a sensitive ar ea. Line 10908-

18 and Agria, located approximately at the level of resistan ce, and line 10908-05 and Delta, have been resistant surface.

Keywords: Screen; Culture Filtrate; Early Blight; Severity

1. Introduction

The Potato crop is considered one of the strategic prod-

ucts. According to the Food and Agriculture Organiza-

tion (2007) we have been producing potatoes up to

321,736 tons in the world, and 5240 tons in Iran [1].

Early blight of potato is the most important foliar dis-

eases [2]. It reduces the level of product yield, and

there’s a wide world influence [3]. This disease, caused

by the A. solani fungus, is one of the main diseases of po-

tatoes in tropical climates, especially where potatoes are

grown under irrigation [4]. The first reports are relevant

to the discussion of A. alternata under its synonym (A. te-

nuis from wheat, A. brassicae and A. solani of tomato,

cabbage) in Iran [5]. The first written report of the dis-

ease in Iran goes back to 1977 [6].

Ellis and Martin described the first symptoms on po-

tato leaves. Initially, the symptoms were seen in older

and lower leaves [7,8]. Based on morphological studies

two Alternaria species i.e., A. tenuissima and A. interrup-

ta have been recovered from potato in Iran [9]. The inter-

relationship between Alternaria species and some sub-

strates had also been recorded and the dangers this can

pose to man, as a consumer were highlighted [10-12].

Agria genotype has been reported as susceptible ge-

notypes, isolates of A. solani [13]. The cultivar Desiree is

used as a susceptible cultivar and Delta genotypes were

reported as resistant genotypes [14]. The specific proce-

dures include the use of low nutrient media, such as PCA,

temperature 20˚C - 25˚C under a light/dark 8/16 h using

a white fluorescent lamp [15-18].

Severity values were plotted against time and the area

under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculat-

*Corresponding a uthor.

Screening of Potato Lines Including Department Genetic & National Plant Gene Bank of Iran for Resistance to

Early Blight (Alternaria. solani) Using Culture Filtrate Produced by the Fungus

2044

ed [19]. Evaluation of susceptibility or resistance exists

in potato cultivars with some of these methods [20]. Eva-

luation of in vitro methods, e.g. spraying the culture fil-

trated on the plant was introduced first by Locke [21].

2. Material and Method

2.1. Plant Material

The experiment was conducted in vitro and greenhouse

conditions from Genetics and National Plant Gene Bank

of Iran during 2008-2009. In this evaluation, the three

lines 9506, 10908-05 and 10908-18 with genotypes of

Agria, Casmos and Desiree (susceptible) and Delta (re-

sistant control) were evaluated in terms of virulence of

pathogenic A. solani. The genotypes were maintained on

MS medium in the growth chamber conditions (24˚C ±

1˚C, a period of 16 h light and 8 h dark) for 4 weeks.

2.2. Spore Production and Inoculation

All experiments were performed with a single-spore A.

Solani isolate obtained from the Genetic and National

Plant Gene Bank of Iran. For inoculum production, spo-

rulation was induced in 10-day-old A. solani were grown

in plastic Petri plates on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in

continuous (8/16) light/darkness to maximize spore pro-

duction. Superficial mycelium was removed with 10 ml

of sterile distilled water (SDW) and a clean paintbrush

and the suspension was discarded. To collect conidia, co-

lonies were scraped with a sterile scalpel and conidia

were transferred to a plate containing SDW.

Then suspension with 105 conidia/ml were placed in

500 ml glass flasks containing 100 ml of potato dextrose

broth (PDB) medium and maintained in the dark at 28˚C

± 2˚C. After 12 days the contents of glass flasks were

filtered through the filter 0.2 µm and concentrated to cen-

trifuge at 2000 - 2500 g for 10 - 15 min and the samples

are centrifuged at a time.

2.3. Greenhouse Evaluation

In this evaluation, the explants were transferred to a

greenhouse environment. These plantlets obtained from

each single nodal cutting were transplanted into a sterile

mixture of peat moss and perlite (2:1 by volume) in a

greenhouse. To maintain higher humidity aroun d the cut-

tings for longer period of time, the trays were covered

with plastic covers. After 25 to 30 days, the fung al spore

suspension was sprayed using content geysers, and sus-

pension of inoculum was spread uniformly on the leaves.

2.4. In Vitro Selection by Droplet Using of

Culture Filtrate

Three replications per cultivar were placed whole in vitro

plantlets in an 18 × 2 cm test tube. The plantlets of potato

into test tube were inoculated by droplet of culture fil-

trate method that the leaflet of potato received a 10 µl

droplet of the A. solani culture filtrate. The test tubes

were placed in a growth chamber at a temperature of

20˚C - 25˚C. The leaflets were rated according to Table

1 for reaction to the treatments 1 - 2 days after inocula-

tion until 6 days.

2.5. In Vitro Selection by Direct Using of Culture

Filterate

Three replications per cultivar were inoculated by plac-

ing whole in vitro plantlets in an 18 × 2 cm test tube each,

containing 5 ml of A. solani culture filtrate. This study

was conducted using factorial based on completely ran-

domized design (CRD) with 3 replication. The test tubes

were placed for 6 - 7 days in a growth chamber at 20˚C -

25˚C, with a photosynthetic photon flow density of 100

µE/m/s and a day length of 16 h [20]. During in vitro

assay the A. solani symptoms appear 1 - 3 days until 6

day. For evaluation of the damage produced by A. solani

using the scale described in Table 1.

2.6. Pathogenicity Test

At the end of each of the above tests to ensure the ab-

sence of pathogens and other foreign pathogenicity tests,

infected leaves after washing with tap water, placed in

sterile distilled water for one minute. Then by sodium

hypochlorite solution (%0.5) for 35 seconds and re-ster-

ilization were washed with sterile distilled water. Finally,

the pieces are placed on sterile filter paper (for drying)

and then transferred to the culture medium [6].

3. Result

In these experiments, the symptoms began, the first and

second day. Analysis of variance table based on area

under the disease progress curve, indicating that the ef-

fects of the experimental methods; genotype and their in-

teractions are significant at the 1% level (Table 2 ).

3.1. Greenhouse Evaluation

In this evaluation, the symptoms appeared, the first day

Table 1. Scale for evaluation of the damage produced by

Alternaria species in potato in vitro and greenhouse Plants

[22].

Rating of affectation Description of symptoms

1 No lesion development

2 Lesions < 1-mm diameter

3 Lesions 1- to 5-mm diameter

4 Lesions > 5-mm diameter

Screening of Potato Lines Including Department Genetic & National Plant Gene Bank of Iran for Resistance to

Early Blight (Alternaria. solani) Using Culture Filtrate Produced by the Fungus 2045

(Figure 1). Area under the curve progression in 10 in-

nings notes, show that 9506 line is located, the highest

level (sensitivity), and 10908-05 line is located, at the

lowest level (resistance). Cosmos and Desiree genotype

are located at the next level, and they are as susceptible

genotypes, however, the genotype of Agria is equal to the

genotype of Delta, and it is relatively stable. Line of

10908-18, is located in the lower level of the Delta, and it

is named as resistant (Table 3).

3.2. Evaluation of in Vitro—A Drop

The symptoms of this evaluation appeared the first day

(Figure 2). The Evaluation was carried out after inocula-

tion, in 6 times notes. In this evaluation, the 9506 line is

equal to the Desiree and the Cosmos, and a susceptible

genotype, an d lines 10908-05 and 109 08-18 are almost at

equality with Delta, and it can be considered as resistant.

Agria has moderate sensitivity, and it is not quite as sus-

ceptible genotypes (Table 4).

3.3. In Vitro Evaluation of Direct

In this evaluation, the symptoms appeared the second day

(Figure 3). The evaluation was carried out after inocula-

tion, notes of in 6 times. Cosmos genotype was equal in

9506 line and Desiree, and it is a sensitive genotype.

10908-05 and 10908-18 lines, are at lower levels of Ag-

ria, and almost equal to the data, which can be named as

resistant. Also, Agria had moderate sensitivity, and it is

not quite as susceptible genotypes (Table 5).

Table 2. Analysis of variance assessed in vitro (drop-Direct)

and greenhouse conditions for pathogenic A. solani.

Source df Mean Square F

Method 2 15315.965 261669.373**

Genotype 6 146.039 2495.045**

Method × genotype 12 54.581 932.503**

Error 42 0.059

Total 62

Table 3. Comparison mean of potato genotypes with

AUDPC by Tukey at 5% level (greenhouse method).

Genotype AUDPC Mean

10908-05 line 49.00 f

10908-18 line 51.66 e

Delta 56.16 d

Agria 56.50 d

Desiree 65.16 c

Casmos 70.00 b

9506 line 71.00 a

Table 4. Comparison mean of potato genotypes with

AUDPC by Tukey at 5% level (in vitro method-drop).

Genotype AUDPC Mean

Delta 12.66 d

10908-05 line 15.08 c

10908-18 line 15.25 bc

Agria 15.58 b

9506 line 17.50 a

Desiree 17.75 a

Casmos 17.91 a

Table 5. Comparison mean of potato genotypes with

AUDPC by Tukey at 5% level (in vitro method-direct).

Genotype AUDPC Mean

Delta 7.83 e

10908-05 line 8.58 d

10908-18 line 10.08 c

Agria 11.25 b

Desiree 12.50 a

9506 line 12.50 a

Casmos 12.66 a

Figure 1. Greenhouse evaluation—View chlorotic and ne-

crotic spots caused by pathogenic A. solani.

Figure 2. In vitro evaluation of drop method—View necrosis

and leaf chlorosis.

3.4. Correlations between Traits

The correlation table shows that there is a high correla-

Screening of Potato Lines Including Department Genetic & National Plant Gene Bank of Iran for Resistance to

Early Blight (Alternaria. solani) Using Culture Filtrate Produced by the Fungus

2046

tion between test methods. The highest correlation is

between the two in vitro methods direct and drop. The

correlation between these methods is positive. Correla-

tion indicates that evaluation of each of these methods,

have similar results together, and can be evaluated; use

either of these methods separately (Table 6).

3.5. Cluster Analysis

The results of cluster analysis indicate that genotypes and

lines are located in four different groups. In this case,

line 9506 and Cosmos were quite sensitive to the surface,

and Desiree, is located in a sensitive area. Line 109 08-18

and Agria, located approximately at the level of resis-

tance, and line 10908-05 and Delta, have been resistant

surface (Figure 4).

4. Discussion

Mirkarimi et al., showed that the Cosmos are more sensi-

tive genotypes than isolates A. tenuissima, and our results

also indicate that this is a sensitive genotype [4].

Dita Rodriguez et al. reported that the susceptible ge-

notype Desiree, genotype Delta is resistant. These find-

ings are consistent with our resu lts [20].

Figure 3. In vitro evaluation of direct method—View necro-

sis and leaf chlorosis.

Table 6. Correlation between in vitro and greenhouse meth-

ods based on area under the disease progress curve.

greenhouse drop direct

Greenhouse Pearson Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.747**

0.000

0.817**

0.000

Drop Pearson Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.747**

0.000

0.941**

0.000

Direct Pearson Correlation

Sig. (2-tailed)

0.817**

0.000

0.941**

0.000

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level. **Correlation is significant at the

0.01 level.

Figure 4. Cluster analysis based on two in vitro conditions

and greenhouse methods.

In other studies, Nasr Esfahani, stated that shortening

is a sensitive genotyp e, and the evalu ation sh ows th at this

genotype, has been resistant surface. These results could

be due to the effects of different fungal isolates, and bet-

ter yet, researchers have not used it as a susceptible geno-

type in our experiments [13].

Finding resistant or immune genotypes to the disease,

is highly effective in controlling it. Therefore, finding the

resistant genotypes could be considered an advantage in

the cases of crop cultivars [17]. Based on this test, line

05-10908, can be considered as a resistant line, and it can

be introduced to farmers, after physiological and agrono-

mic tests.

5. Acknowledgements

This experiment, we would like to thank th e officials and

employees of the Department of Genetics and National

Plant Gene Bank of Iran. Also, we would like to thank

faculty Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology,

Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,

Tehran.

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