Sun, Earth, radioactive ore: Common periodicity

doi:10.4236/ns.2013.59123

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Vol.5, No.9, 1001-1005 (2013) Natural Science

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2013.59123

Sun, Earth, radioactive ore: Common periodicity

O. B. Khavroshkin, V. V. Tsyplakov

Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS, Moscow, Russia; [email protected]

Received 14 June 2013; revised 14 July 2013; accepted 21 July 2013

bution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly

cited.

ABSTRACT

The study of natural radioactivity of objects

which are able to change their temporal timing

feature is presented. It is of interest to compare

the latest data on the activity of the Sun and the

periodicity of solar neutrinos and the temporal

characteristics of the radioactive source. That is,

to conduct a search for the possible influence of

external sources for radioactivity. There are cy-

cles 5 min, 18 min and 53 min found in solar

physics. The cycle of 27 days corresponds to

the activity of the Sun. During of the solar acti ve-

ity these temporal pulsations are lost in a strong

variation of solar wind (Neugebauer, NASA). The

Stanford University scientists (P. Starrek, G. Val-

ter and M. Vitlend) have found the cycle of 28.4

days as pulsations of the solar neutrinos. Neu-

trinos come f ro m t he depths of the Sun and they

tell about the frequency of oscillations of solar

bowels. It is also seen o nline: Kos tyantyn ivska L.

V. Solar activity. Search experiment is better to

have a known but modified experiment. Experi-

ments on monitoring natural radioactivity and

the possible influence from the Sun were pre-

viously carried out by measuring the variations

of the gamma-ray sample of ore from the Trans-

Baikal uranium deposit; the characteristics of the

sample are known. The spectrum of temporal

variations in the activity of the sample Zabai-

kalskaya radioactive ore contains peaks which

coincide with the period of natural oscillations

of the Sun. The capture cross section of the ra-

dioactive heavy deformed nucleus in time decay

increases in many orders and is able to interact

with the stream of solar neutrinos which are

modulated by own oscillations of the Sun. The

picks of spectrum of long-period oscillations of

the Earth exceed its own contain peaks that

match the value with an accuracy of 1% - 3%

with peaks of its own oscillations of the Sun.

The mechanism of excitation of these oscilla-

tions is similar to the nature of variations in the

activity of a radioactive sample of ore. These

effects are included in the mechanisms of in-

teraction of the Earth—the Sun systems and

imp act on seismicity; search problem of existing

natural nuclear reactor inside Earth core.

Keywords: Solar R-Index; Radioactive Source;

Periodicity of Radioactivity; Solar Neutrino

Oscillations; Super-Long Oscillations o f the Earth;

Abnormal Capture C ross Section of Neu trino

1. INTRODUCTION

The study of natural radioactivity of objects which are

able to change their temporal timing feature is presented

[1]. It is of interest to compare the latest data on the

activity of the Sun and the periodicity of solar neutrinos

and the temporal characteristics of the radioactive source.

That is, to conduct a search for the possible influence of

external sources for radioactivity. There are cycles 5 min,

18 min and 53 min found in solar physics. The cycle of

27 days corresponds to the activity of the Sun. During of

the solar activity these temporal pulsations are lost in a

strong variation of solar wind (Neugebauer, NASA). The

Stanford University scientists (P. Starrek, G. Valter and M.

Vitlend) have found the cycle of 28.4 days as pulsations

of the solar neutrinos. Neutrinos come from the depths of

the Sun and they tell about the frequency of oscillations

of solar bowels. It’s also seen online: Kostyantynivska L.

V. Solar activity. Search experiment is better to have a

known but modified experiment.

2. RESEARCH AND PRIMARY DATA

PROCESSING

Experiments on monitoring natural radioactivity and

the possible influence from the Sun as previously carried

out by measuring the variations of the gamma-ray sam-

ple of ore from the Trans-Baikal uranium deposit; the

O. B. Khavroshkin, V. V. Tsyplakov / Natural Scienc e 5 (2013) 1001-1005

1002

characteristics of the sample are known [1]. Used stand-

alone DVR “E Clerk” with every minute polling detec-

tion device (radiometer) and then transfer the data to a

computer over a simple diagram (Figure 1).

Accordingly sealed steel container volume of 0.5 litre

which containing 20 g. uranium ore 1) as the source is

permeable only for gamma-rays which are recorded ra-

diation detector (Geiger counter type SBM19), and 2) the

resulting level of radiation was written to memory every

minute stand-alone digital recorder “E Clerk”. 3) These

data are then processed on a personal computer. 4) Ore

sample was placed in a sealed steel container for limiting

the influence of atmospheric pressure, virtually pressure

variations in ore no effect (meaning the amount of radon

as a decay product) and passed through the wall of the

container only gamma radiation and variations of beta-

radiation is not registered. Figure 2 shows an example of

recording variations of gamma radiation averaged over

the 3rd minute, recorded from 1 to 18 March 2013.

These records must be compared with the existing

state of the Sun. Since the initially criterion to allocate

the current state of the Sun is difficult preference was

given to the Kp-index as the most common. Therefore,

during the same time period of observation of gamma-

radiation was built a series of numbers of Kp-index

(Figure 3(a)). To compare the parallel series of records

gamma-radiation and Kp-index synchronous variations of

the ore sample averaged gamma radiation on the 3 hour

intervals (Figure 3(b)). After that there is determined by

the correlation function of a sliding 60 hour window (20

independents points; Figure 3(c)).

When assessing the value of the correlation coeffi-

cients obtained in window 60 hr (n = 20 independent

points) in t-Fisher criterion

21tr nr

for the obtained correlation coefficient r = −0.733 on the

Student’s table t-distribution we received double acting

significance on level of 0.001, that is with probability P >

0.999 there is a relationship between the variations of

gamma-ray ore and Kp-index, which proves the exis-

tence of a link between solar processes and variations of

gamma-ray of the ore. Next was obtained spectrum of

Figure 1. Scheme of registration of varia-

tions of gamma radiation sample. 1) con-

tainer, 2) radiation detector, 3) DVR, 4) a

personal computer.

Figure 2. Example of record variations of gamma-radiation of

ore at 3-minute average.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 3. Temporal variations of solar Kp-index (a) and gam-

ma-ray radiation of ore (b), and feature a sliding correlation

between them (a, b) in March 2013.

O. B. Khavroshkin, V. V. Tsyplakov / Natural Scienc e 5 (2013) 1001-1005 1003

variations of gamma radiation the ore for all of March at

3-minute averaging (Figure 4). Even a simple analysis of

this spectrum indicated the existence of spectral peaks

coinciding with the period of natural oscillations of the

Sun, as well as the existence of a daily component. Re-

garding the periodicity of radon, unfortunately do what—

any conclusions impossible—too noisy channel by much

exposure to radon flux processes.

Joint analysis of the spectral data of the temporal varia-

tions gamma radiation the ore and natural oscillations of

the Sun are given in Table 1. Data on the theoretical val-

ues of periods of natural oscillations of the Sun are pre-

sented below (Table 2) [2].

A comparison of Tables 1 and 2 and the data in Table

1 should be plural coincidence of periodicities in the time

variations of the activity of a radioactive source with the

frequency of the oscillations of the Sun’s own up to 3, 4

digits. The very existence of diurnal components also

proves relationship with solar processes as the Earth can

shield the sun’s rays or particles that affect the variation

of gamma-ray ore. The presence of a significant negative

correlation in the chart FSK (Figure 3(c)) with low K

index indicates depth of wave processes on the Sun

affect the variation of gamma-ray ore.

3. THERE IS ABOUT THE PHYSICAL

MECHANISMS OF THE SUN

OSCILLATIONS INFLUENCE ON THE

ORE SAMPLE RADIOACTIVITY

Since the intensity of the radiation neutrino is modu-

lated by solar oscillations presumably, the problem of

interpretation lies in the small capture cross section [3].

The scattering cross section of solar neutrinos is about

10−21 - 10−18 barn, depending on the energy of the neu-

trino. For the container (Figure 1) the number N of

neutrinos per unit time experienced the interaction with

nuclei provided single interaction of each particle (thin

target) is given by

Figure 4. An example of the spectrum of temporal variations of

gamma radiation the ore sample in March 2013.

Tab le 1. Significant (P > 0.95) of the observed variations in the

periods of the ore gamma—ray and for comparison—natural

periods oscillations of the Sun.

N Tr (hour, min.)

observed

Ts (min.)

(Theoretical)

Note

(Mode)

2 6.4 h - -

1 24.0 h - Days

3 166.2 m 166.7 m g15, l3

4 115.9 118.9 g10. l3

5 75.9 74.9; 76.8 g5, l3; g7, l4

6 62.05 62.29 p1, l1

7 58.0 57.25; 57.73 p1, l2; g3, l4

8 44.8 44.18 g1, l4

9 36.8 36.98 p2, l1

10 31.7 32.19 p2, l2

11 25.6 25.09 p3, l2

12 24.7 24.49 p4, l0

13 20.8 20.52 p4, l2

14 18.8 18.68 p4, l1

15 15.9 15.72 p5, l4

16 15.6 15.72 p5, l4

17 14.8 14.93 p7, l0

18 14.2 14.08 p7, l1

19 13.6 13.81; 13.35 p6, l4; p7, l2

20 12.96 12.77 p7, l3;

21 11.36 11.34 p9, l1

22 10.73 10.78 p10, l0

23 10.41 10.49; p9, l3

24 10.3 10,35 p10, l2

25 10.17 10.18 p9, l4

26 9.6 9.65; 9.54 p10, l3; p11, l2

27 9.05 9.15 p12, l0

28 8.85 8.84 p12, l1

29 8.75 8.71 p11, l4

30 8.59 8.56 p12, l2

31 8.45 8.50 p13, l0

32 8.33 8.32 p12, l3

33 7.98 7.99 p13, l3

34 7.61 7.60 p13, l4

35 7.51

7.49 p14, l2

36 7.4 7.45 p14, l0

37 7.2 7.25 p15, l1

38 6.93 6.89 p15, l3

39 6.76 6.75 p15, l4

On Tabl e 1: Tr—frequency radiation of the radioactive source; Ts—natural

period of oscillation of the Sun; g, p-mode of natural oscillations of the Sun.

1NjnS jM





where j—particle flux density, σ—the effective cross

section of scattering particles nucleus; n—number of nu-

clei per unit volume of the container (in cm−3); S—irradi-

ated target area (in cm2); l—target thickness (in cm);

O. B. Khavroshkin, V. V. Tsyplakov / Natural Scienc e 5 (2013) 1001-1005

1004

Table 2. The periods of solar oscillations for Sun standard

model [2].

Period, min.

Mode l = 0 l = 1 l = 2 l = 3 l = 4

p1 62.29 57.25 42.50 39.53 37.58

p2 40.94 36.9В 32.19 29.42 27.62

p3 30.93 27.88 25.09 23.21 21.92

p4 24.49 22.30 20.52 19.26 18.31

p5 20.19 18.68 17.39 16.44 15.72

p6 17.17 16.04 1540 14.38 13.81

p7 14.98 14.08 13.35 12.77 12.32

p8 13.21 12.55 11.97 11.51 1144

p9 14.86 11.34 10.87 10.49 1048

p10 10.78 10.35 9.97 9.65 9.39

p11 9.90 9.54 9.21 8.94 8.71

p12 9.15 8.84 8.56 8.32 841

p13 8.50 8.23 7.99 7.78 7.60

p14 7.94 7.71 7.49 7.31 7.15

p15 7.45 7.25 7.06 6.89 6.75

p16 7.02 6.84 6.67 6.52 6.39

p17 6.64 6.47 6.32 6.18 6.06

p18 6.29 6.14 6.00 5.87 5.77

p19 5.98 5.84 5.71 5.60 5.50

p20 5.69 5.56 5.45 5.34 5.25

Period, min

Mode l = 1 l = 2 l = 3 l = 4

f 45.90 40.97 38.82

g1 61.58 55.05 47.94 44.18

g2 84.4 63.03 54.88 49.59

g3 105.3 72.58 61.88 57.73

g4 127.3 83.49 67.76 61.11

g5 149.2 95.38 74.9 64.89

g6 171.4 107 .7 83.4 70.30

g7 120.2 91.8 76.83

g8 132.9 100.7 83.62

g9 145.9 109.7 90.56

g10 158.9 118.9 97.62

g11 172.1 128.1 104.5

g12 137.6 111.7

g13 147.0 118.9

g14 156.5 126.5

g15 166.7 133.3

g16 175.9 141.5

g17 148t6

g18 156.4

g19 164.0

g20 171.1

On Tabl e 2: p, g, f—natural vibration modes of the Sun; l—form of natural

oscillations.

M—total number of nuclei in the irradiated portion of the

target. If we put: j ~ 1010 chast/sm2·s, M ~ 1025 units, σ ~

10−45 - 10−42 cm2 get

10- 10N6



 particles/s.

Assessment in accordance with the above formula

gives only a small amount of probability of interaction

and require a new concept of capture cross section while

explaining the periodicity of the solar neutrino easy. In-

deed as a result of nuclear reactions in the solar interior

the electronic neutrino with a wide range of kinetic ener-

gies are produces. It is believed that the amount of neu-

trinos and their kinetic energy spectrum does not change

when the sun passes through the plasma, but it can change

the beat wave processes. The total flux of neutrinos from

the Sun on the Earth’s surface is approximately 6.6 ×

1010 particle/cm2·s. Full neutrino “luminosity” of the Sun

regardless of the particular nuclei fusion processes is

approximately 2 × 3.85 × 1020 MW/26.7 MeV, that is

about 1.8 × 1038 neutrinos in 1 sec. Speeds individual

nuclear reactions and corresponding neutrinos are highly

dependent on temperature and other parameters of chemi-

cal composition primarily on the helium content. There-

fore the wave processes in the solar interior, affecting the

temperature of the medium and mixing helium modulate

the stream of neutrinos. It is also known that as the neu-

trino energy is a linear increase in total cross section of

neutrino-nucleon interaction. Section can grow linearly

with the energy up to the geometrical dimensions of the

nucleon (~10−26 cm2). According to experimental data in

the container with the radioactive ore must have a strong

interaction that is the capture neutrinos exceed all con-

ceivable standards. The adopted model is not possible

(see above), but it is crucial to note—all models of inter-

action considering the interaction with the stable nuclei.

So some idea of fundamentally new approach to the

creation of a workable model must take into account that

the capture cross section must be evaluated for radioac-

tive, unstable nucleus. As you know for over-energy neu-

trinos have non-transparent material. And if you follow

the classical mechanics, the energy of the neutrino inter-

action with the unstable excited nucleus is the sum of the

neutrino energy and neutrons in the nucleus before decay

condition. This is enough energy to the energy state of a

neutrino interacting with a radioactive ore of container.

On the other hand one can imagine that quarks decaying

nuclei form does not matter how small clouds of virtual

W-and Z-bosons around them and the more denser me-

dium capable of absorbing solar neutrino. Capture of the

neutrino stream modulated by own oscillations of the

Sun shows the hidden periodicity of its. In the decay of

uranium-235 to barium 139 + kripton95 + Ep. interaction

cross section increases as the ratio of K = Ep/3Kt/2. Since

Ep = 202.5 MeV = 3.24 × 10−11 J. 3 kT/2 = 6.21 × 10−21 J,

O. B. Khavroshkin, V. V. Tsyplakov / Natural Scienc e 5 (2013) 1001-1005

1005

we obtain K = 0.52 × 1010. That is the number of neutri-

nos interacting in the standard model with U235 (N ≈

10−9 - 10−6 particles/s.) may be increased to once and for

Nu ≈ 0.5 × 10 - 104 particles/s. Thus detected gamma

radiation measured ~102 events per second.

OPEN ACCESS

4. SOLAR NEUTRINOS, SEISMICITY

AND THE EARTH’S HEAT FLOW

(RADIOACTIVE COMPONENT)

According to various estimates, the radioactive com-

ponent of the heat flow of the Earth is about 80% of the

total energy. This component is due to the existence of

natural radioactive sources, primarily the isotopes of ura-

nium, thorium, potassium, and others [4]. Heat flow of

the Earth is 7 × 10−2 W/cm2 or 1 × 10−6 cal/cm2 sec. and

determines the energy of the Earth heat engine including

seismicity. Activity or signs of activity create a constant

background literally heterogeneous (1.5-5-fold difference

in level, Table 3, [10]). Activity the ore is much higher

but in general we can assume that the constant back-

ground given its geological volumes as well as the ore is

subject to modulation periods of natural oscillations of

the Sun. That is the heat flow as a smooth function is

perturbed by the known solar periods. And if the labora-

tory is registered as a variation of the activity the global

scale in the rock mass of the crust and mantle these

variations should show up as extra-long seismic oscilla-

tions with periods of solar oscillations. First of all, this

effect is observed and discovered in the spectra of the

Earth’s oscillations [4-12]. Reliable and accurate match

with the above model the interaction of solar neutrinos

and a heavy radioactive element of the Earth and the

Earth’s crust require the creation of a new mechanism of

the dynamics of solar—terrestrial links. On the other

hand, according to MANKO V.I. from the Ph. Inst. RAS

it is a consequence of the uncertainty relation for the

coordinate-pulse in quantum systems in thermal equilib-

rium [13]. Processes of decay and fusion in the light of

the different quantum correlations over a potential barrier

which suggests a new section for the capture of solar

neutrinos.

5. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

The spectrum of temporal variations in the activity of

the sample Zabaikalskaya radioactive ore contains peaks

which coincide with the period of natural oscillations of

the Sun.

1) The capture cross section of the radioactive heavy

deformed nucleus in time decay increases in many orders

and is able to interact with the stream of solar neutrinos

which are modulated by own oscillations of the Sun.

2) The picks of spectrum of long-period oscillations of

the Earth exceed its own and contain peaks that match

he value with an accuracy of 1% - 3% with peaks of its

own oscillations of the Sun. The mechanism of excitation

of these oscillations is similar to the nature of variations

in the activity of a radioactive sample of ore.

3) These effects are included in the mechanisms of

interaction of the Earth—the Sun systems and impact on

seismicity; search problem of existing natural nuclear

reactor inside Earth core.

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