Research of Water Response under the Action of the Infrared Human Body Radiation by Water Conductometric Sensors

doi:10.4236/ojapps.2013.33035

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 2013, 3, 278-284

doi:10.4236/ojapps.2013.33035 Published Online July 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojapps)

Research of Water Response under the Action of the

Infrared Human Body Radiation by Water

Conductometric Sensors

Gennady G. Shishkin1, Igor M. Ageev1, Yury M. Rybin1, Alexei G. Shishkin2

1Moscow Aviation Institute, National Research University, Moscow, Russia

2Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

Email: [email protected]

Received April 26, 2013; revised May 26, 2013; accepted June 2, 2013

License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT

Non-equilibrium thermal and biothermal radiation generated by heated solid materials and hematothermal living organ-

isms are studied by water conductometric sensors. Engineering aspects and physical features of developed water con-

ductometric sensors are given. Procedure and measuring technique are described. Our experiments show the anomalous

behavior of water conductivity and associated differential parameters under water heating by biological objects com-

pared with traditional heating sources. Water response to human action strongly depends on psychophysiological and

psychoemotional state of the person. Moreover the responses to the action by left and right human hands are substan-

tially different and as a rule are specific to the gender. The possible physicochemical mechanisms of such anomalous

water behavior are studied. It is suggested that the observed effects are associated with resonant excitation of vibra-

tion-rotation energy levels of water under the influence of bioradiation generated by human organism consisting of ap-

proximately 70% water. The results obtained have good perspectives for future applications in different fields of human

activity.

Keywords: Water Electrical Conductivity; Conductometric Sensors; Infrared Human Body Radiation; Bioradiation

1. Introduction

At present there is a certain amount of experimental data

demonstrating that many electrophysical properties of

matter are dependent not only on temperature magnitude

but on type of heating source as well [1-4]. This problem

is connected with emissivity of heated bodies [1] that can

vary within wide limits. It was shown [2] that day long

water exposure to copper radiation at room temperature

led to the changes of monochromatic coefficient of water

transmittance within 6% - 8% in the spectral range of

3000 - 3700 cm−1. The changes in water electrical con-

ductivity under the heating by various metallic and di-

electric materials are of about the same order [2-4].

The human body is believed to have their own radia-

tion which emits into surrounding body space [5]. The

existence of human radiation is identified as electromag-

netic field generated by and contained within the bio-

logical system of a body [6]. The vibration of electro-

magnetic field generated by human body is referred as a

frequency radiation of human body, which emits their

radiation around the body due to its electromagnetic ac-

tivities. The radiation of the human body encircles the

physical body as a sphere of radiation and vibrates at

their own characteristic of frequencies [7].

The experiments in [5] have shown that the character-

istic of human body radiation frequency can be even used

to classify the gender.

The data presented in [8] indicate that there are

marked variations in the thermal properties of human

skin as reported by various investigators and that the op-

tical properties of the skin are functionally related to the

water content of the skin and vary as the site of interest is

changed.

Spectral radiative properties of the human body were

studied experimentally in [9] in the region from the ul-

traviolet to the far-infrared to analyze the thermal re-

sponse of the human body exposed to solar radiation and

infrared radiation. Fairly large values for hemispherical

reflectances are observed in the visible and near-infrared

regions but very small values for hemispherical reflec-

tances are observed in the infrared region. The absorption

G. G. SHISHKIN ET AL. 279

coefficient is very close to that of water and large in the

infrared region [9].

Many biologists have promulgated biologic field theo-

ries to explain both biologic development and the integ-

rity of organisms [10-12]. They suggested that an under-

standing of a wide variety of bio-electric phenomena in

the living organism can best be reached by the assump-

tion of an electro-dynamic field in the organism [10].

In this paper the sensors (receivers) with distillated

water as a working fluid were used while investigating

the biothermal and nonorganic radiation [13,14]. Due to

the high water content of living organisms, the receiver

and radiating element are highly correlated in frequencies.

This can improve their sensitivity. Water reaction on

various actions is of great importance for the control of

vital processes including human physiological state of

the operators of sophisticated equipment (aerospace, ra-

dioelectronic control systems, air traffic control services,

transport etc.).

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 the

experimental methods and measuring technique are de-

scribed. In Section 3 the experimental results are pre-

sented and finally in Section 4 obtained results are ana-

lysed and some conclusions are drawn in Section 5.

2. Experimental Methods and Technique

Our experiments are based on the measurements of water

electrical conductivity and some parameters connected

with temperature coefficient of electrical conductivity as

well. The main experimental procedure includes the next

steps: water preparation; rinse, cell training and water

pouring; stationary water heating by electric heater and

electrical conductivity measurements in both cells; action

on one of the cells with simultaneous thermal heating;

data approximation and determination of parameters.

The water electrical conductivity was determined by

conductometric method where dielectric rectangular

bodies of sensors with built-in stainless steel or platinum

electrodes and thermistors for water temperature control

were used as measuring cells (Figures 1 and 2). The

typical dimensions of receiving window were 2  4 cm;

the sensor body height was ~0.5 - 1 cm. AC voltage with

frequency of about 1 kHz and amplitude of 1 V was

applied as a power supply to electrodes.

Figure 1. Conductometric sensor setup.

The signals from the circuit of electrodes and thermis-

tor were processed by electronic module and data acqui-

sition card. The special software ASTRA to process and

visualize experimental data was developed (Figure 3).

The distillated water with initial conductivity of 2 - 4

μS/cm was used. The impact on water by infrared and

THz electromagnetic radiation was made by heaters from

various materials and by biological objects as well. The

copper carbonized plate heated by nichrome wire up to

40˚C was used as a solid irradiator (heater).

To determine the water reaction on emission from dif-

ferent mediums the thin foils made from various materi-

als and fixed alternately at the surface of the plate were

used. The foils were heated for 10 min. and then were

placed at the distance of about 2 mm above the water

surface. Two identical sensors one of which was a con-

trol sensor were used. One can define two different cases

in experimental procedure of determination of irradiation

action of solid-state foils:

1) Water heating in control sensor by a standard thermal

heater close to the black body irradiator and;

2) Water heating in measuring sensor by various heated

foils.

Figure 2. Measuring and control sensors along with elec-

tronic module.

Figure 3. Experimental setup.

G. G. SHISHKIN ET AL.

280

The effect was determined by the difference of these

two sensor readings.

Besides above mentioned experimental technique for

determining the level of action of heated water on water

in conductometer we used sensors and elements with

somewhat different technical specifications [3].

The electrical conductivity was measured in the tem-

perature range of 23˚C - 28˚C. In the first case the elec-

tric heater 1 served as a heat source for water in volume

V1 (Figure 4(a)). In the second case the water vapors,

water thermal emission and vessel walls served as a heat

source (Figure 4(b)). Water in the volume 2 in its turn

was heated by electric heater 1. When using water vapors

as a heat source the stronger dependence of electrical

conductivity on temperature at all examined ranges was

observed in comparison with the heating by electrical

heater. This is in a close agreement with results obtained

in [4].

To measure quantitatively the observed deviation two

parameters were used in addition to the direct measure-

ment of electrical conductivity. The first one is deter-

mined as

a







1 (1)

where  is an electric conductivity and T is a temperature.

The parameter is a relative temperature coefficient of

electrical conductivity and it describes the water proper-

ties. The difference due to heating methods can be de-

scribed by the following parameter

BTB







1



(2)

where B



 is an electrical conductivity increment dur-

ing the action of a biological object (bioaction),





an electrical conductivity increment during the usual

heating, is a period of bioaction/heating and

T0



an initial value of electric conductivity.

Nominally parameter B can be viewed as a bioaction

power (a relative excess of an electrical conductivity

Figure 4. Experimental setup for water electrical conduc-

tivity measurements. Here 1—electric heater, 2—water

volume, 3—thermometer, 4—conductometer, 5—examined

increment du

water vessel.

ring bioaction over an electrical conductiv-

3. Results

esented in Figure 5 are the generalization

ity increment during traditional heating). The use of these

two parameters allows to increase the sensitivity and

accuracy of results obtained. In our experiments the rate

of temperature increase was about 1˚C/min. As a rule, the

impact of biological object on water was made by water

irradiation by central part of experimenter’s palm located

2 mm above the water surface.

The results pr

of a great number of experiments. In the obtained de-

pendencies of electrical conductivity on radiation









one can single out 4 curve classes. In the first

dependence



class the





is approximately linear

in the temperature rangC - 28˚C and the rate of

change is ~ 2.2% - 3%/˚C. This is close to standard ref-

erence data. This class consists of the irradiators made of

copper, lavsan, fiberglass and cellulose triacetate. In the

second class (lead, magnesium, cellophane) the change

e of 22˚









is mainly focused around 3.5% - 4%/˚C.

The expo of water in a measuring sensor to radiation

of water heated in glass vessel [3], transparent to the ra-

diation of wavelength less than 4 m

sure



(determined by

pass band of water vessel) and of thater films on the

surface of various materials including 50 - 60 m

in w



wa-

ter films on operator hand can be put into the th class

where the change of conductivity was ~6% - 8%/˚C. The

fourth class is formed by curves of electrical conductivity

ird

22 24 26 28 30

atu

e (



2.4

2.8

3.2



(arbitrary units)

Figure 5. Water electrical conductivity versus temperature

for various materials: 1—black body, 2—copper, 3—lavsan,

4—fiberglass, 5—cellulose triacetate, 6—lead, 7—magne-

sium, 8—cellophane, 9—water in glass vessel, 10—water 50

- 60 m



film on the surface of operator palm, 11—op-

erator, 12—operator palm dried by talc.

palm

G. G. SHISHKIN ET AL. 281

and conductivity temperature coefficient















enter’s palm

palm

studies of bioaction propagation

onic change of absorption for the in-

rence about higher nervous activity influence

obtained during water heating by experim

when the rate of change was about 20% - 50%/˚C.

The intensity of bioaction on water from operator

illustrated by Figure 6 where the dependence of spe-

cific conductivity s on temperature is shown. It can be

seen that the change of specific electrical conductivity

for water heating up to 24.7˚C by electrical heater is the

same for control and measuring sensors. At that tem-

perature the operator action on the water in measuring

sensors starts and the rate of change of conductivity in-

creases abruptly (curve 1). In the control sensor for con-

tinued heating by electrical heater the curve slope is not

changed (curve 2).

The experimental

rough various materials have shown that most of me-

tallic, dielectric and polymer foils strongly attenuate this

radiation. However a number of materials have special

permeabilities.

The nonmonot

ease in the thickness of absorption material (Al) is ob-

served as well. In these measurements the Al foil with

thickness of 0.005 mm was used. When the number of

foil layers was changed the periodical radiation intensity

differences (similar to interference distribution of light

intensity) 2.3 - 8 times larger were observed (Figure 7).

The intensity of suprathermal radiation B is an indi-

dual parameter specific for each human. But this is true

only for an average value of this parameter. Its current

value is subject to variation over wide range (±50%). As

was determined, the changes of intensity of suprathermal

radiation depend on psycho-emotional human state con-

siderably.

The infe

parameters of palm radiation was made when the fol-

lowing facts had been elicited. Parameter B measured by

Figure 6. The depende nce









T for the water heating

l heater (

by palm (1) and by electrica2).

Figure 7. Dependence of bioradiation on different number

ater sensor decreased monotonous so far as the test

ental study, the asymmetry in the

are ap-

of Al foil layers.

person experienced growing up fatigue. Besides, the sub-

stantial variations of B are observed for changes of mood

of test persons. The measurements performed for test

persons in normal states allowed to obtain statistical dis-

tribution of B values.

As a part of experim

stribution of radiation intensity for water heating by the

left and the right palms was checked out. The results ob-

tained are shown in Figure 8. It can be seen that the bio-

radiation is not symmetrical relative to the left and the

right part of human body. It should be noted that the ac-

tions of left and right hand on the water in the sensor

differ in magnitude. As a rule for men the parameter

value for the right hand is larger than for the left hand.

The reverse holds true for women. However the current

values depend on the test person state and following the

changes of the latter the inversion can be observed.

Moreover the results are individually specific.

It can be noted that the curves in Figure 8

oxi-mation of the distribution histograms of B for the

right and left hands of test persons. The points on X-axis

correspond to values of B and the points of Y-axis corre-

spond to the ratio of test person number with given value

of B to the total number of test persons. A total of 53

students were examined. While analyzing the results the

total range of B values was divided into 5 - 20 segments

with varying length. This led to the changes in the look

of the curve but in all cases there were two maxima. It is

the evidence that there are either two groups of people

distinguished by the power of bioaction or two stable

human states with different bioaction powers. Distribu-

tion curve spreading-out relative to its maximum values

can be connected with the dependence of bioaction

power on test person state, on his response to changes in

G. G. SHISHKIN ET AL.

282

(a)

(b)

Figure 8. Distribution of radiation intensity for water heat-

utward conditions and on other factors of random nature.

decrease

ed out to ob-

ing by the right (a) and the left (b) palms.

However the range of such changes is not that substantial

to smooth the double-peaked distribution curve.

The mentioned earlier tendency towards the

parameter B values for fatigue states was scrutinized

for the group consisting of 39 students while they were

fulfilling the task by PC with duration of 3 - 4 hours. The

measurements were carried out before and immediately

after the task fulfillment. The results obtained are pre-

sented in Figure 9. For illustration purposes the histo-

grams of above mentioned experiment (fatigue-solid line,

arousal-dashed line) are smoothed by splines. It can be

seen that the fatigue and emotional arousal lead to oppo-

site results relative to parameter B changes.

Another series of measurements was carri

in and analyze the data for emotional arousal different

from reported above. Each test person had to carefully

watch the purely decorative picture on PC display. From

time to time unpleasant image unexpectedly appeared on

the display accompanied by a harsh sound. It led to a

Figure 9. The dependencies of ratio B2/B1. B1 are values

artle response of a person. The biometric parameters of

4. Discussion

ed so far do not allow determining

nature of anomalous radiation acting

ains to suggest that electromagnetic waves

before emotional influence, B2 are values after influence.

Fatigue-solid line, arousal - dashed line.

test persons were measured before and after this response.

The distributions similar to those in Figure 9 were ob-

tained. Besides, such distributions were obtained while

analyzing the experimental data corresponding to the

measurements performed before and after student’s ex-

ams and in some other cases.

Experiments perform

unambiguously the physical nature of discovered su-

prathermal radiation of humans. As a hypothesis one can

suggest that besides the usual changes in electrical con-

ductivity of water during its heating there is some

mechanism connected with the resonant absorption of

radiation in the infrared or submillimeter spectrum range

(Figures 5 and 7).

To determine the

the water, the experiments measuring the spatial dis-

tribution of radiation intensity were carried out. The

sensor was moved through the dielectric or metal wave-

guide and the operator palm acted upon the open end of

the waveguide. It led to the changes in sensor readings

relative to the distance h between the operator palm and

water level.

It only rem

rming a constituent part of bioradiation lie in the

shorter length range where the geometrical optics ap-

proximation can be applied for the description of their

propagation. Assuming the isotropy of biological object

radiation and neglecting for the sake of simplicity the

reflection from waveguide walls, one can obtain the ex-

pression describing the dependence of power W of emis-

sion falling to the sensor on its distance from the radiator

h (experimenter’s palm located at the waveguide cut off

in this case):

G. G. SHISHKIN ET AL. 283











1ln)arctg(2

1ln)arctg(2)



hbhhbb

hahhaa



 (3)

where a and b are dimensions of wide and narrow

e dependence of (normalized to its ini-

tia

5. There the ex-

anged mostly due to two

(hW

waveguide walls.

In Figure 10 th

l value) parameter characterizing the intensity of su-

prathermal radiation on the distance h for metal

waveguide (crosses) and dielectric waveguide (circles) is

shown as well. The close agreement of experimental and

theoretical data give evidence to the suggestion that su-

prathermal radiation is electromagnetic one with wave

length much less than 15 mm that is determined by the

sizes of waveguide. The difference in the locations of

experimental points corresponding to metal and dielectric

waveguides is explained by the difference in reflection

coefficients of radiation for metal and dielectric walls not

accounted in deriving the Equation (3).

Let us turn to the analysis of Figure

rimental data (curves 2 - 8) refer to the water exposure

to the heating by nonbiological materials. Curves 9 - 12

refer to water heating by water and/or biological objects.

The differences in water reaction to the heating by vari-

ous nonbiological materials are coming probably from

their emissivity peculiarities and emission spectrum [1].

Сurves 9 - 12 refer to the case where the irradiator (water,

water films, operator hands containing large amount of

water) and receiver (water) have a common inherent

element viz. water. Since the spectral features of receiver

and irradiator agree to a large extent, their interaction can

be of resonant nature.

The conductivity in sensors ch

ctors: radiation as a physical factor and influence of

chemical substances excreted by experimenter’s tissue

Figure 10. Dependence of normalized to its initial value

water level for metal and dielectric waveguides.

parameter characterizing the intensity of suprathermal

radiation on the distance between the human palm and

and skin, for example, CO2 and sweat. The special ex-

periments carried out with the purpose of revealing the

role of these factors in



Tf



dependence showed

that their ratio can change substanally. Some results of

these experiments are illustrated in Figure 5 by curve 10

that refers to the case when the part of the hand irradiat-

ing the receiving section of the sensor was covered by 50

- 60 m



water layer. The hand surface was carefully

dried and deoiled beforehand. The water layer covered

sweat pores completely thereby preventing perspiration

and CO2 excretion. Infrared, THz and microwave radia-

tion partly passed, partly was absorbed by water layer

and heated it as well. As a result the water in sensor was

under the influence of both direct hand emission and re-

emission of water layer on hand surface. In this case the

changes in electrical conductivity are greater than for the

irradiation by water in glass vessel (curve 9) when the

biological object component is absent.

The absorbed radiation energy is expended not on the

temperature increase but directly influences on water

transport properties, e.g. it changes the water structure

and the structures of hydration shell of impurities. Such

radiation can be generated by the luminescence at the one

of numerous chemical reactions in cells of living organ-

ism. Just as well one can assume that human body radia-

tion is of equilibrium nature and its spectrum coincides

with the spectrum of black (or grey) body with tempera-

ture 36˚C - 37˚C. However, passing through the skin it is

weakened in the wide spectral range except for some

narrow pass band close to the band of water resonant

absorption [15]. In any of these cases the excess of val-

ues of water electrical conductivity over its equilibrium

value for given temperature will be observed.

Completely different results are obtained when the

hand is carefully dried by talc. As a matter of fact the talc

blocks up the pores preventing sweet excretion and re-

moves the water film on the skin surface as well. Ac-

cordingly the thermal emission and CO2 reaches the sen-

sor and that leads to the substantial changes in water

conductivity (curve 12). This is confirmed by curve 11

obtained for hand radiation in usual conditions.

Thus analysis done has shown that the phenomena

mechanisms could be connected with the excitation of

vibration-rotation levels of water molecules under the

influence of radiation where intensive absorption lines

exist. The molecule excitation leads to the change in dis-

sociation energy and in water polarization (due to the

increase in molecule sizes during the excitation of vibra-

tion-rotation levels [16]). As a result water electrical

conductivity becomes larger due to the increase both in

charged particle concentration (owing to the decrease in

dissociation energy for the excitation to the vibration-

rotation levels) and in the polarization leading to the wa-

ter structuring and hence to the gain in particle mobility-

G. G. SHISHKIN ET AL.

284

ude that

ites. This is also confirmed by NMR investigations

showing that the water molecular structure is greatly

changed under the influence of long wave infrared emis-

sion. This leads to the substantial increase in molecular

mobility [13] and, hence to the electrical conductivity

changes. Besides as is shown in [4], the decrease of wa-

ter entropy and the increase of its conductivity are ob-

served during water heating by biological object.

5. Conclusions

Thus one can concl







tion comp

rate of change is

al radiaared with the ther-

s and is

analysis done have shown that the

edical diagnostics and especially in

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