Examination of Entrepreneurship from Humanistic Values Perspective

doi:10.4236/sm.2013.33027

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Sociology Mind

2013. Vol.3, No.3, 205-209

Published Online July 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/sm) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/sm.2013.33027

Examination of Entrepreneurship from Humanistic Values

Perspective

Ercan Yilmaz1,2

1Educational Sciences Department, Necmettin Erbakan Universitiy, Konya, Turkey

2Educational Sciences Department, Education Faculty, N. E. University, Konya, Turkey

Email: [email protected]

Received April 10th, 2013; revised May 14th, 2013; accepted May 29th, 2013

bution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original work is properly cited.

This study attempts to examine the influence of humanistic values people prefer on their entrepreneurship.

The study is a qualitative study and the data were collected and analyzed using this method. Besides, rela-

tional screening model was used. The study group is composed of 482 students who were selected with

random sampling method among students who attended various faculties at Selçuk University in 2012. In

the study, Schwartz List of Values was used to measure individuals’ value preferences in their lives. En-

trepreneurship Scale, which was developed by Yılmaz and Sünbül (2009), was used to measure their en-

trepreneurship tendency. In the study, it was revealed that there is a significant relation between humanis-

tic values people prefer and entrepreneurship and, humanistic values explain entrepreneurship tendency.

Keywords: Component; Entrepreneurship; Humanistic Values; Schwartz List of Values

Introduction

The most fundamental asset of societies is their human re-

source and the most important human quality is entrepreneur-

ship. The word entrepreneur, made up of the words “entre” (to

enter) and “prendre” (take over), means “building something”

(Öğüt, 2006: p. 431). Entrepreneurship can be defined as the

general name given to innovation, risk taking, seeing opportu-

nities and carrying them into practice. Entrepreneurship was de-

fined in many different ways. Some of them are as follows:

 Entrepreneurship is a process by which people pursue op-

portunities, fulfilling needs and wants through innovations

and active handling of risks and uncertainties, without re-

gard to the resources they currently control (Robbins &

Coulter, 1999).

 Entrepreneurship is the name given to all the processes of

risk taking, pursuing opportunities, actualization and inno-

vation (Çetindamar, 2002: p. 34).

It is seen that three components are of significance in entre-

preneurship. First, taking initiative; second, the effective use of

resources by organizing economic and social conditions; and

the third is the acceptance of failure and risk (Karahan & Ulu-

soy, 2010). It is stated that entrepreneurs have three fundamen-

tal characteristics: “vision”, “mission” and “ambitiousness”

(Smilor-Sexton, l996: pp. 7-9). Besides, being innovative, hav-

ing a vision, craving for success, being able to do internal au-

diting, being able to bear uncertainties, creating values and

directing transformation are among the characteristics of entre-

preneurship (Turan & Nacimudinova, 2006: p. 352). In addition

to these characteristics, the outstanding personality characteris-

tics that psychodynamic and socio-psychological approaches

emphasize are “pro-activity”, “dynamism”, “purposefulness”,

“positivity” and “taking initiative”. Besides, “innovativeness”,

“imaginativeness”, “creativeness”, “flexibleness” and so on are

underscored as qualities that define entrepreneur identity. In

addition, “being agreeable”, “having a feeling of trust”, “taking

reasonable risks”, “being decisive” “being willful”, “having

result-driven intellectual capacity and high self-confidence” are

among the characteristics mentioned (Bridge et al, l998: p. 43).

The competencies entrepreneurs have are examined under

three main categories: technical, organizational and personal.

The interpersonal relation, which is one of the technical compe-

tencies, draws attention as a concept which has gained promi-

nence recently. While organizational competencies include cha-

racteristics an administrator needs to have, among personal

competencies risk taking, making innovation and managing

change are the outstanding basic determiners (Hisrich & Mi-

chael, 1998). In addition to them, entrepreneurship competen-

cies are composed of self-confidence, being willing to take re-

sponsibility, generate innovative and creative ideas to deal with

problems, addressing uncertainties and taking risks. These com-

petencies and attitudes influence individual’s success in social

life as much as his/her success in business life (Ofsted-Better

Education and Care, 2005). Iredale and Motsa (2002) list entre-

preneurship competencies as follows: problem solving, crea-

tiveness, persuasiveness, planning, making right decisions, hav-

ing self-confidence, being autonomous and self-sufficient, gra-

vitating success, being versatile and dynamic. Entrepreneurs

can be defined as individuals who make a positive difference in

the procession of an existing condition in any environment or in

any role they take over.

In studies on this issue, it was pointed out that entrepreneur-

ship intention was influenced by the obstacles and support fac-

tors people perceive in their environment (Lüthje & Franke,

E. YİLMAZ

2003). The innate qualifications entrepreneurs have can be de-

veloped, supported or hampered in the process of life (Tim-

mons & Spinelli, 2003). The factors that affect individuals’

choice of entrepreneurship are: its financial rewards, freedom,

self-confidence and feeling of success as a result of self-em-

ployment, freedom to make innovation and respect of the soci-

ety for entrepreneurs (Wickham, 2006). Entrepreneurship is af-

fected more from psychosocial reasons than economic reasons

(Erdoğmuş, 2000). Concordantly, psychological factors like

need for success, control focus, tendency to take risk, under-

taking uncertainty, self confidence and innovativeness come to

the fore as determinants of entrepreneurship (Aytaç, 2006).

Entrepreneurship can be explained with the values people

have and prefer. It is rather difficult to define the concept of

value with a standard expression. Values are generalized prin-

ciples that are accepted by the members of the society for the

operation and maintenance of the society (Avşaroğlu, 2012).

Value are generalized moral principles or beliefs that are ac-

cepted to be correct and necessary by the members of the soci-

ety or the group for the operation and maintenance of the soci-

ety and that reflect their feelings, ideas, objectives and interests

(Kızılçelik & Erjem, 1992). Values are social representatives of

objectives that are regarded to be principles that direct people’s

lives and motivate them for life (Rohan, 2000). Researchers

like Levy and Guttman emphasize that values are a subset of

behaviors (Elizur, 1996: p. 25). Many researchers define value

as the basic belief behind the idea that motives people. There-

fore, values guide people’s acts and behaviors. In other words,

what an individual does and how s/he does it are shaped by the

values s/he has (Kenny, 1994: p. 17).

Individuals vary in terms of the importance or priority they

attach to values and the value priorities of the individual are

mostly influenced by the dominant values of the culture s/he

lives in. Individual’s values are accepted as the product of the

culture s/he lives in. Therefore, values and beliefs play a deter-

mining role in human behavior and individual’s performance at

individual level, and at organizational levels they determine the

performance of the organization (Ergün, 2003). Meanwhile, hu-

manistic values make individuals’ psychological needs more

understandable. This also contributes to the realization of their

potentials and success (Stallard & Pankau, 2008).

Individuals seek to lead their lives in an environment built

around his/own and society’s values (Turan & Aktan, 2008).

Individuals can change the values they have in the interaction

process. In this process, school life of the individual is of great

importance.

When entrepreneurship tendency is examined in terms of val-

ues, it is pointed out that entrepreneurs attach importance to in-

dependence, loyalty, success and goal directedness (Naktiyok

& Timuroğlu, 2009). Values which are regarded to be princi-

ples that guide people’s lives and means for expressing human

needs shape current and means that motivate standard and ideal

behavior patterns, learned rules, behavioral sanction, functions

as a plan for decision making and conflict resolution (Russell,

2001: pp. 76-77; Kenny, 1994: p. 17). The need for success,

which is a new value, is one of the motivational factors that

affect entrepreneurship intention (Douglas & Fitzsimmons,

2005: p. 2). In his/her studies on entrepreneurship Schumpeter

emphasized dynamic and static behavior types in parallel with

hedonistic motives and stated that these motives affected be-

haviors (Ebner, 2006: p. 504). Universal thinking proposes the

protection of the wealth of humanity and nature, and points out

the need to accept and understand it. The values in this dimen-

sion are equality, a peaceful and beautiful world, nature friend-

liness, social justice, freedom of thought, protection of envi-

ronment and internal harmony (Schwartz & Boehnke, 2004: p.

239). Lee and Peterson argue that universal thinking contributes

to entrepreneurship (Elam, 2006: p. 6). In contrast to those who

advocate that entrepreneurship is motivated by economic and

socio-biological factors, it is also argued that it is motivated by

benevolence and altruism (Montanye, 2006: p. 552). It is noted

that entrepreneurship efforts that do not have cultural values

that reveal and support social existence and safety are bound to

lead to failure (Ceylan & Demircan, 2002: p. 3). As it can be

understood from these explanations, the values individuals have

can explain their entrepreneurship.

The determination of the factors that cause people start a new

business by taking social, psychological and financial risks is

important for understanding entrepreneurship, which underlies

economic development. Entrepreneurship tendency can be ex-

plained with humanistic values people prefer because values

provide guidelines for people to choose and realize their social

roles. Thus, people determine the requirements and expecta-

tions of various roles with certain values (Fichter, 1990).

The aim of this study is to examine individuals’ entrepre-

neurship tendency in terms of humanistic values they prefer.

With this aim in mind, answers for the following questions

were sought:

 Is there a significant relation between the entrepreneurship

tendencies of people and humanistic values?

 Do the humanistic values people prefer explain entrepre-

neurship tendencies significantly?

Method

The model of the study, the universe and sample, means of

data collection and statistical methods used for the analysis of

data were reported in this section.

The Model of the Study

This study was carried out with the relational screening mo-

del. The study model includes two basic variables: dependent

and independent variable. The humanistic values the individu-

als in the study group prefer are the independent variables in

the study model. The entrepreneurship tendencies of the indi-

viduals in the study group are the dependent variables in the

study model. The relation between humanistic values of the

individuals in the study group and the level humanistic values

explain entrepreneurship was examined.

The Study Group

The study group of the study is composed of 482 students

who were selected with random sampling method among uni-

versity students attending various faculties at Selçuk University

in 2012. While 248 of the students were male, 234 were female.

Meanwhile, 44% of the individuals studied at quantitative de-

partments, 42% studied at verbal departments and 16% studied

at sports and arts related departments.

Means of Data Collection

In the study, personal information form was used to obtain

personal information about the participants. To measure value

206

E. YİLMAZ

preferences of the individuals in life, Schwartz List of Values

was used. The Entrepreneurship Scale, which was developed by

Yılmaz and Sünbül (2009), was used to measure their entre-

preneurship tendencies.

Entrepreneurship Scale

In order to measure individuals’ entrepreneurship tendencies,

the entrepreneurship scale developed by Yılmaz and Sünbül

(2009) was used. The scale is composed of 36 items. The scale

is a one-dimensional and likert type scale. The Cronbach Alfa

reliability coefficient is 0.90. The reliability coefficient of the

scale for the study sample was calculated to be 0.92.

Schwartz List of Values (SLV)

Schwartz List of Values (SDL) is composed of 57 values. A

total of fifty-seven values were grouped under 10 sub-dimen-

sions. These sub-dimensions are listed as follows: power, suc-

cess, hedonism, stimulation, self-auditing, universality, benevo-

lence, conventionalism, harmony and safety. In a study by Ba-

canlı (1999), Kuşdil and Kağıtçıbaşı (2000), the reliability co-

efficients for value dimensions were determined to be 0.66 for

success, 0.54 for hedonism, 0.70 for stimulation, 0.77 for uni-

versality, 0.76 for benevolence, 0.63 for conventionalism, 0.51

for harmony, 0.59 for safety, 0.75 for power and 0.69 for self-

auditing.

Data Analysis

The relation between the dimensions of humanistic values

and entrepreneurship was tested using Pearson product-moment

correlation technique. Multiple regression technique was admi-

nistrated to determine the level humanistic values explain en-

trepreneurship. The significance level is accepted to be 0.05 in

the analysis of data (Balcı, 2004). Therefore, significance level

accepted for this study was 0.05.

Results and Discussion

In this section, the results of the statistical analyses adminis-

trated in line with the objectives of the study and their discus-

sions are presented.

The relation between humanistic values and entrepreneurship

tendencies was tested with Pearson product moment correlation

technique and the results are given in Table 1.

When Table 2 is examined, it is understood that there is a

significant relation between entrepreneurship and the following

sub-dimensions of humanistic values people prefer: power, suc-

cess, hedonism, stimulation, self-auditing, universality, benevo-

lence, conventionalism, harmony and safety.

The explanation level of the humanistic values individuals

prefer for entrepreneurship tendency was tested with multiple

regression analysis technique. The results are given in Table 2.

When Table 2 is examined, it is seen that the humanistic val-

ues individuals in the study group prefer significantly affect

their entrepreneurship tendencies (F = 15, 27; p < 0.01). It was

seen that ten dimensions of the humanistic values individuals

prefer explain 24% of the variety in their entrepreneurship ten-

dencies. When the levels of the effect of humanistic values are

examined, power, hedonism, stimulation, self-auditing, univer-

sality, conventionalism and trustworthiness values had signifi-

cant effect on entrepreneurship. The humanistic value dimen-

Table 1.

The correlation between humanistic values and entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship

Dimension of Humanistic Value

Power 0.267**

Success 0.299**

Hedonism 0.105*

Stimulation 0.367**

Self-auditing 0.328**

Universality 0.265**

Benevolence 0.235**

Conventionalism 0.119*

Harmony 0.181**

Safety 0.128**

Note: **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.

Table 2.

Effects of humanistic values on entrepreneurship.

Independent

Variable R2F p

Dimension of

Humanistic

Values

t p

Power 3.424 0.001

Success 0.930 0.353

Hedonism −2.642 0.009

Stimulation 5.531 0.000

Self-Auditing 3.026 0.003

Universality 2.873 0.004

Benevolence 1.757 0.080

Conventionalism −2.255 0.025

Harmony −1.346 0.179

Humanistic

Values 0.23615.2710.000

Safety −4.295 0.000

Dependent Variable: Entrepreneurship

Note: **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.

sions which did not have a significant effect on entrepreneur-

ship are success, benevolence and harmony.

Discussion

When the results of the study were examined, it was seen that

there is a significant relation between individuals’ entrepre-

neurship tendency and humanistic values they preferred. Ac-

cording to the results of the study, it can be considered that

entrepreneurship tendencies of individuals who prefer humanis-

tic values are dominant. The question of whether personality or

social environment is more influential on the emergence of

entrepreneurship has been discussed for a long period of time.

Those who emphasize personality give weight to psychological

characteristics. Personality characteristics linked with entre-

preneurship are risk taking, need for success and control focus

E. YİLMAZ

(Aytaç, 2006: p. 142; Gürol & Atsan, 2006). It can be argued

that personality characteristics are related with humanistic val-

ues. Especially, success, stimulation and self-auditing sub-

dimensions of humanistic values are related with being compe-

tent, being ambitious, being influential, being brave, leading a

flexible and exciting life, being free, being able to choose his/

her objectives, being independent and having self-esteem. The

aforementioned personality characteristics risk taking, need for

success and control focus which are related with entrepreneur-

ship are accepted to be related with success, stimulation and

self-auditing, which are among humanistic values. In a study by

McCabe (2012), it was determined that the values people pre-

ferred support social entrepreneurship. This result tallies with

the results of this study. In some studies, it was found that val-

ues and beliefs of individuals affect their entrepreneurship

(Llano, 2006: p. 22; Kellermanns & Eddleston, 2006; Tan et al.,

2003: p. 2; Davidsson & Wiklund, 1997: p. 188). It can be

thought that the results of these studies support the study results.

As a result of a study by Bhandari on students in India, no rela-

tion was found between social status and prestige and entrepre-

neurship (Bhandari, 2006: p. 177). This result does not comply

with the result of the current study.

When the results of the current study are examined again, the

humanistic values people prefer explain 24% of variability in

entrepreneurship tendency. This is a rather high rate. When the

results are examined in terms of the sub-dimensions of human-

istic values, it is seen that while power, hedonism, stimulation,

self-auditing universality, conventionalism and safety explain

entrepreneurship significantly, the sub-dimensions of success

benevolence and harmony do not explain it at significant level.

The commonly agreed upon personality characteristics deter-

mined by psychologist to be related with entrepreneurship ten-

dency are openness, responsibility, extraversion, harmony and

emotional balance (Aytaç, 2006: p. 142; Gürol & Atsan, 2006:

p. 28). Extraversion and openness, the personality characteris-

tics accepted to be related with entrepreneurship, can be argued

to be related with universality, power, and safety values among

humanistic values. Extraversion and openness are explained

with sensation, adventure, extraordinary ideas, imagination, be-

having responsibly and being determined for success and acting

in a planned way rather than instinctively. The universality

dimension of humanistic values is related with social justice,

living in a peaceful and beautiful world, being virtuous, pro-

tecting environment, being open minded, equality, integration

with nature and inner peace tendencies. The individuals who

prefer this value can be considered to be more extravert and

open. Again, power is explained with having social power and

authority, being rich and saving his image in the society. The

value of power can increase these features, individuals’ extra-

version and openness. The responsibility characteristic which

explains entrepreneurship can be assumed to be safety and con-

ventionalism dimensions of humanistic values because safety

value is related with individuals’ feeling of national safety and

loyalty, returning the favor, caring for social order and family

safety, being healthy and clean. The individuals who prefer

conventionalism also prefer accepting life as it comes, being

moderate, faithful and modest, respect for customs, privacy and

personal rights. As it can be seen, conventionalism and safety

can affect responsibility acts positively. The last personality

character which is regarded to be related with entrepreneurship

is emotional balance. Emotional balance can be considered to

be related with hedonism and self-auditing dimensions of hu-

manistic values. Individuals who prefer hedonism seek to get

pleasure out of life and fond of their wants. The value of self-

auditing is explained with being creative, free and independent,

being able to choose one’s own goals and having self-esteem.

Individuals with stimulation value are brave, lead a flexible and

exciting life. When the aforementioned characteristics are con-

sidered with regard to individuals who prefer hedonism, stimu-

lation and self-auditing values, it can be argued that these peo-

ple can preserve their emotional balance. When sub-dimensions

of humanistic values are considered based on the explanations

above, it can be concluded that power, hedonism, stimulation,

self-auditing universality, conventionalism and safety sub-di-

mensions are supposed to explain entrepreneurship tendency. In

a study by Ersoy (2010), it was revealed that entrepreneurship

tendency is related with religious belief and religious faiths

contributed to entrepreneurship tendencies. This result supports

the results of the current study that conventionalism value con-

tributed to entrepreneurship. In a study by Kuvan (2007), a rela-

tion was found between life values and entrepreneurship ten-

dencies of people, which also supports the results of this study.

In their study Peay and Dyer pointed out that entrepreneurs are

motivated by both social and individual power needs (Peay &

Dyer, 1989: p. 52). A significant and positive relation between

richness, which is included in the value of power, and entre-

preneurship was found (Hurst & Lusardi, 2004: p. 320). These

results can be considered to comply with the results of the cur-

rent study.

When the results of the study are examined with regard to the

explanatory power of humanistic values for entrepreneurship

tendencies, it was determined that success, benevolence and

harmony humanistic value dimension did not explain entrepre-

neurship tendency significantly. The value of success can be

considered to be a result of entrepreneurship activities because

it is more related with being a competent and influential person.

This tendency can be considered to come into being as a result

of success in certain activities. The individuals who prefer the

value of benevolence are inclined to be merciful, gracious and

loyal, which can be argued to positively influence initiation and

competitiveness that are characteristics related with entrepre-

neurship. The value of harmony is related with being obedient.

So, it can be considered to not to comply with such characteris-

tics of entrepreneurship tendency like innovative thinking skill,

openness to change or accepting change (Yurtseven, 2007: p.

67; Tekin, 2005: p. 47; Kaya, 2007: pp. 46-47; Öznur, 2007).

As it can be understood from these explanations, success, be-

nevolence and harmony humanistic values are not expected to

explain entrepreneurship tendency.

As a result of the study, it was revealed that there is a signifi-

cant relation between the humanistic values people prefer and

entrepreneurship and those humanistic values explain entrepre-

neurship tendency. Based on these results, the following sug-

gestions can be made. Considering that values are gained

through education, the attainments required for the courses in

higher education can be related with values. In further studies,

researchers can examine the relation between entrepreneurship

and other personality characteristics by using humanistic values

as a mediating variable.

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