Three influencing factors on the level of non-ionizing radiation

doi:10.4236/ns.2010.211157

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Vol.2, No.11, 1298-1301 (2010) Natural Science

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2010.211157

Three influencing factors on the level of non-ionizing

radiation

Vasil Bilero

Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Gjirokaster, Gjirokaster, Albania; [email protected]

Received 22 May 2010; revised 25 June 2010, accepted 28 June 2010.

ABSTRACT

The role of three factors on the level of non-

ionizing radiation is treated in this project: that

of 1) the distance of the exposed body from the

source, 2) the power of the source device and 3)

the frequency of the source. The important fac-

tor of time, as well as other factors, are not at all

ignored in this manuscript. In this work I em-

phasise the rules of the relationship with this

necessary contaminant, and that exposures to-

wards it should be avoided as far as possible.

Keywords: Source; Radiation; Non-Lonizing;

Distance; Power; Frequency; Exposure

1. INTRODUCTION

The general public is becoming increasingly aware of

the exposure that they face towards electromagnetic

fields. Rapid development in science has produce tech-

nologies which the public has become dependant on. For

the most part, public knowledge is insufficient to fully

understand the effects of these technologies and their

potential hazards. Even professionals of different fields,

in state or private enterprises, often lack the sufficient

scientific knowledge to appropriately contain exposures

to electromagnetic fields and frequently have a negative

influence on their containment. For these reasons, it is

the physicist’s urgent duty to raise public awareness of

this issue by whichever means he is able, and also to

guide governmental organs in how, and to what extent,

legislation should restrict this necessary contaminant.

2. THE WAVE NATURE OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

It is known that radiation has a wave nature. Thus

non-ionizing radiation as a consisting part, has the same

wave nature. The energy of non-ionizing radiation is

small and it can’t achieve ionization of material, includ-

ing here the biological molecule. However it does in-

crease its thermal energy, and this is an irreversible

process for the living beings [1-7].

3. SOURCE CLASSIFICATION OF

NON-IONIZING RADIATION

Here two classifications are presented in order to cre-

ate an idea of the sources of non-ionizing radiation:

a) The classification according to the effects see

[8,9,12].

b) The classification according to the frequencies see

[13].

4. SOME PHYSICS SCALES

ACCORDING TO WHICH THE

NON-IONIZING RADIATION IS

MEASURED.

The non-ionizing radiation is measured according to

some main physics scales: contact current(Ic), current

density (J), magnetic field strength (H), magnetic flux

density (B), electric field strength (E), power density (S)

and specific energy absorption rate (SAR, SARm)

[10,11].

5. MEASUREMENTS OF NON-IONIZING

RADIATION

The measurements have been taken in the districts of

Gjirokaster and Delvinë, Albania.

1) The object of measurements:

a) The non-ionizing radiation relation to the source

distance - exposed object (See Figure 1, Figure 2 and

Figure 3).

b) The non-ionizing radiation dependence on the

power of source device ( See Figure 4 and Figure 5).

c) The non-ionizing radiation dependence on the fre-

quency of source (See Figure 6 and Figure 7).

2) Measurements: Figure1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Fig-

ure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7

3) Comments on measurements:

a) Measurements of the magnetic induction of some

V. Bilero / Natural Science 2 (2010) 1298-1301

1299

No. Object measured

The level of magnetic induction in B(in



T) in dependence of distance

(the average value of 6 measurements for every measure point).

Europe norm.

of exposure in



1 Under the 110kV aerial

line in H/C Bistricë

25 m

0.545

26.5 m

0.541

28 m

0.511

29 m

0.490

30 m

0.464 0.5

Under the 10kV aerial

line of shoe factory in

Gjirokaster

4 m

0.482

5 m

0.413

6 m

0.398

7 m

0.355

8 m

0.332

0.5

3 Under the 6kV aerial

line in H/C Bistricë

4 m

0.455

5 m

0.385

6 m

0.365

7 m

0.321

8 m

0.312 0.5

Referring point the gate

the electric substation,

Delvinë

“ -4m”

0.482

“-3 m”

0.421

“ -2 m”

0.342

“-1m”

0.303

+1 m

0.211 0.5

The10kV- 220V Trans-

former in Pall.7 in

Pllakë Q., Gjirokastër

1 m

1.8333

1.3 m

1.703

1.5 m

1.611

1.8 m

1.525

2 m

1.4583 0.5

Under the 10kV-220V

electric aerial cabin of

Telecom, Gjirokastër

1 m

1.433

1.1m

1.113

1.3 m

0.836

1.5 m

0.812

2 m

0.735 0.5

Figure 1. The measurement of magnetic induction of some sources of non-ionizing radiation in dependence of dis-

tance[10,11]. Notes: 1) In measurement 4, the gate of enclosure of the substation is taken as origin of axis; 2) The inaccuracy of the

apparatus 1% and our inaccuracy in measurement



0.58% -



1.4%; 3) The frequency in all the cases 50 Hz.

0.312

0.321

0.365

0.385

0.455

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

45678

Distance from the source (m)

Magnetic Inductio

(µ?)

---------------------------Normativ Limit-------0.5--

Figure 2. (Measurements of line 3 Figure 1): the in-

fluence of distance from the source on radiation.

Distance (Under the 6 kV aerial line H/Β Delvinë)

[9,10].

1.433

1.113

0.836 0.812 0.735

0.5

1.5

11.11.31.52

Distance from the source (m)

Magnetic induction(μ

-----------Normativ Limit------0.5----------------------------------

Figure 3. (Measurement of line 6, Figure 1): the influence

of distance from source on radiation. ( The 10 kV-220 kV

electric aerial cabin of Telecom, Gjirokastër) [9,10].

sources of non-ionizing radiation depending on distance,

(also presented in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3)

showed that, with the increase of distance from the same

radiating source, the magnetic induction decreased.

Positively, in the first measurement under the 110kV

electric aerial line of Bistrica H/C, Delvinë, when the

distance between the field meter and this line increased

to 5m, the magnetic induction decreased by 0.081μT.

In the second measurement under the 10kV electric

aerial line of the Gjirokaster shoe factory, when the dis-

tance of the field meter increased to 4m, the magnetic

induction decreased by 0.15μT.

In the third measurement under 6kV electric aerial

line of Bistrica, Delvinë, when the distance of the field

meter increased to 4m, the magnetic induction decreased

by 0.143μT.

In the fourth measurement in the electric substation in

Delvinë, when the distance between the field meter and

the transformer furthest to the side increased to 4m, the

magnetic induction decreased by 0.271 μT.

In the fifth measurement on the 10kV-220V electric

transformer in Block of flat Nr.7, “Pllake” Quarter, Gji-

rokaster, when the distance between the field meter and

transformer increased to 1m, the magnetic induction

decreased by 0.375μT.

In the sixth measurement under the electrical aerial

cabin, where there is a 10kV-220V transformer of Tele-

com, Gjirokaster. When the distance between the field

meter and the transformer increased to 1m, the magnetic

induction decreased by 0.698μT.

In measurement 5 of Figure 1, the radiation level of a

10kV-220V electric transformer, 1.5m away from the

dwelling place, is presented. The magnetic induction in

the dwelling place is B = 1.611μT. This induction is

three times higher than the normative.

In measurement 6 of Figure 1, the radiation level of a

10kV-220V electric transformer, 1m away from a place

of 24 hour residence is presented. The magnetic induc-

tion in the place is B=1.433 μT. In this case the radiation

level was three times higher than the normative too.

Although in measurement 5 of Figure 1 the distance

from the source was as big as possible and in measure-

ment 6 of Figure 1 the distance was as small as possible,

the situation is as mentioned above.

In this case lack of knowledge and professional abuse

are predominant.

(μT)

V. Bilero / Natural Science 2 (2010) 1298-1301

1300

The average of 6 measurements of magnetic induction B (in



T) re-

lated to the power of the radiating device (in VA) with distance be-

tween the field measure probe and the source: 0.2 m

No Object measured

P1 =

1000 VA

P2=

2000 VA

P3=

5 000 VA

10 000 VA

Europe

norm.

exposure



Stabiliser “Photo Studio Y” in

“18 Shtatori” Quarter,

Gjirokastër

___ ___ ___

= 3.440



T 0.5

Stabiliser “Photo Studio X”

in ”18 Shtatori” Quarter,

Gjirokastër

___ ___

B3=

1.668



___ 0.5

Stabiliser“Foreign Language

Centre” in “18 Shtatori” Q.,

Gjirokastër

___ B2=

0.691



___ ___ 0.5

“Foreign

Language Centre” in”18

Shtatori”Q.,

Gjirokastër

B1 =

0.338



___ ___ ___ 0.5

Figure 4. Measurement of magnetic induction of some sources of non-ionizing radiation related to the power. Notes: 1)

The apparatus inaccuracy



1% our inaccuracy in measuring



0.29% -



0.46%; 2) Frequency in all cases 50 Hz[9,10].

0.338

3.44

1.668

0.691

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

100020005000 10000

Source power (VA)

Magnetic Induction (μΤ

)

---------------------

Normative Limit

-------------------

0. 5

--------------------

Figure 5. (Measures 1,2,3,4 of figure 4): the influ-

ence of the power of the source on radiation (Dis-

tance 0.2 m) [9,10].

b) The measurements of magnetic induction of some

sources of non-ionizing radiation with different powers,

of the same type, with a constant measuring distance (to

be precise 0.2m), presented in Figure 4 and Figure 5,

showed different radiation levels. With the reduction in

power the level of radiation decreased as well.

Referring to the measurement 1, 2, 3, 4 of Figure 4

and Figure 5 we notice that:

α) The magnetic induction of an electric stabiliser

with 5000 VA power, in Photo Studio “X” “18 Shtatori”

Quarter, Gjirokaster, compared to Photo Studio “Y”

electric stabiliser of 10000VA, in the same place, is

1.772 μT smaller.

β) In the Foreign Language Centre a 2000VA electric

stabiliser compared to the 10000VA stabiliser of Photo

Studio “Y”, both in “18 Shtatori” Quarter, Gjirokaster,

the magnetic induction is 2.749 μT less.

γ) Again in the Foreign Language Centre, a 1000VA

electric stabiliser compared to the 10000VA electric sta-

biliser of Photo Studio “Y”, in “18 Shtatori” Quarter,

Gjirokaster, the magnetic induction is 3.302 μT less.

In measure 1 of Figure 4, in Photo Studio “Y”, in “18

Shtatori” Quarter, Gjirokaster, it is noticed that a

10000VA stabiliser with induction B=3.440 μT (nearly 6

times of the normative), put there for some device, could

be replaced with ten 1000VA stabilisers with induction

B=0.338 μT (under the normative level) or it could be

replaced with five 2000VA stabilisers with B=0.691 μT

(just a little above normal where it could be manoeuvred

in distance) or with two 5000VA stabilisers with

B=1.668 μT (nearly 3 times of the normative where also

it could be manoeuvred in distance). Although there is

the full possibility of minimizing the radiation level, the

user of the device hasn’t done it. So we are faced with

the “cohabitation” of man with non-ionizing radiation

above normal levels. In larger areas there are devices of

high power close to inhabited places as well as devices

with unjustified power in small areas.

c) The measurement of magnetic induction of both

sources of the same type, with different frequencies, for

the same measuring conditions in general and the same

measuring distance in particular (actually 150m), dis-

played in Figure 6 and Figure 7, show they have dif-

ferent radiation levels. They show that, the smaller the

frequency, the smaller the radiation level is.

Between the second measurement of Figure 6, Figure

7, made in the mobile phone antenna, put on top of “X”

Hotel in 18 Shtatori Gjirokaster, with a frequency

900MHz and the first measurement on top of “Y” hill, in

Gjirokaster, with a frequency of 1800MHz, the differ-

ence of the non-ionizing radiation level is 0.276 μT. So,

in the first case it was 0.276 μT less.

6. CONCLUSIONS

For the three types of the above measurements we can

draw the corresponding conclusions:

1) When the exposed object from the non-ionizing

V. Bilero / Natural Science 2 (2010) 1298-1301

1301

Average of 6 measurements B (in



of both antennas with the same distance

from the field measure (150m). Different

frequencies of antennas.

No. Location where measure-

ment took place

1800MHz 900 MHz

European normal

of exposure



Observation

Mobile Phone Antenna on

top of Hotel (X) in “18

Shtatori” Quarter, Gjiro-

kastër

____ 0.059



T 0.3 Below normal

2 Mobile Phone Antenna on

Hill (Y) in Gjirokastër 0.335



T ____ 0.4242 Below normal

Figure 6. Table of magnetic induction measurement of two sources of the same kind with different frequencies at the same

measuring distance. Note: 1) Apparatus inaccuracy



1% and our inaccuracy in measuring



0.51% -0.8%; 2) Frequency

in all cases 50 Hz.

0.059

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

900 1800

Frequencies(ΜHz)

Magnetic Induction(μΤ)

----------Normative limit--- 0.45----------------------------

Figure 7. (Measurement of line 1&2 of Figure 6): the influ-

ence of the frequency of the source on radiation.

source is mobile, its positioning should be at that dis-

tance from the source which corresponds to the norma-

tive radiation level. When it is absolutely fixed, the

source should be relocated.

2) The selection of radiating sources should be done

according to the necessary power. Devices with

highpower may not be relocated if unnecessary. When a

high power device is necessary and space of the living or

working area doesn’t allow to have them far away, their

power should be compensated by a low power

non-ionizing radiation source, as their radiation level is

smaller. It is very important to distribute the compensat-

ing sources so that we don’t have a superposition of

waves. Distribution should be done with a field measure,

so that the radiation level corresponds to the interna-

tional standards. Even when the radiation level is normal,

the exposure time in this case should also be according

to international standards.

The measurements ‘recommend’ the replacement of

high frequency antenna with antenna of low frequency,

according to the compensation method. Attention should

be paid to avoid a superposition of their waves. A su-

perposition of waves might be caused by other large

antennas from unknown sources. Such superposition

may cause above normative radiation, which should

definitely be avoided. The specialised and authorised

state organ should monitor periodically the state of af-

fairs and seek strict respect to the restrictive normatives

of ICNIRP with a special legislation.

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