Analysis of hemodynamic responses to resistance exercise performed with different intensities and recovery intervals

doi:10.4236/health.2013.52021

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Vol.5, No.2, 159-165 (2013) Health

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.52021

Analysis of hemodynamic responses to resistance

exercise performed with different intensities and

recovery intervals

Dihogo Gama de Matos1*, Felipe José Aidar1, Mauro Lucio Mazini Filho1,

Rosimar da Silva Salgueiro2, Jordana Cristina de Oliveira2, Ingi P. Klain1,

Robert C. Hickner3, André Luis Carneiro1,4, Estélio Henrique Martin Dantas5

1Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health of the Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, Vila Real, Portugal;

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

2University Center of Volta Redonda, Volta Redonda, Brazil

3Departments of Kinesiology, and Physiology, Center for Health Disparities Research, East Carolina University, Greenville, USA

4State University at Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Brazil

5Doctoral Program in Nursing and Biosciences—PpgEnfBio, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil

Received 19 October 2012; revised 18 November 2012; accepted 25 November 2012

ABSTRACT

This aim of the present study was to analyze the

hemodynamic responses during resistance ex-

ercise performed at different intensiti es and with

different recovery intervals. This study was con-

ducted on twenty-four apparently healthy male

individuals (25.50 ± 3.72 years and 76.50 ± 4.50

kg) experienced in strength training. The volun-

teers performed a 1RM test to determine the

training load for the study. Blood pressure and

Rate Pressure Product were measured before

and at the end of the exercise training. The only

significant difference observed was in SBP

during strength training at 70% int ensity (121.7 ±

8.68, p = 0.039), which was lo wer than SBP at the

remaining intensities of 80% (126.3 ± 7.11) and

90% (127.1 ± 7.51). It was concluded that strength

training performed at different intensities and re-

covery intervals did not significantly alter most

variables, changing only the SBP due to the in-

tensity employed.

Keyw ords: Strength Training (ST); Bloo d Pre ssure

(BP); Heart Rate (HR); Rate Pressure Product

(RPP)

1. INTRODUCTION

Strength training (ST) is usually practiced by people

seeking benefits such as increased strength, change in

body composition and health maintenance [1-3]. Strength

training, when related to physical fitness, significantly

reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, and tends to

cause autonomic and hemodynamic adaptations that in-

fluence the cardiovascular system to maintain cellular

homeostasis in the face of increased metabolic demands

[4,5].

Exercise challenges the ability of the coronary arteries

to provide enough blood to meet the demand of myo-

cardial oxygen consumption. Heart rate (HR) and systolic

blood pressure increase with exercise intensity [6,7].

Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is used to estimate the

pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries during

ventricular contraction and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)

is used to estimate the pressure exerted against the artery

walls when blood is not being forcibly ejected through

vessel. Blood pressure (BP) alternates between the sys-

tolic level and the diastolic level of 120 to 80 mmHg (in

rest) [8].

Citing some studies of hypertensive patients, the Ame-

rican College of Sports Medicine Position Stand (ACSM)

[9] states that physical activity is important in primary

prevention and control of hypertension. The frequency,

intensity, time and type of exercise (FITT) are speci-

fically important factors in determining the physiological

responses to exercise. Therefore, specific physical acti-

vities have been proposed because of their associations

with better health and quality of life. However, such

activities should meet certain safety criteria when they

are prescribed [10].

Among the variables mentioned, yet seldom studied, is

the length of periods of rest between sets and different

types of exercises, which influences the total stress of

training and total load that can be completed [11]. This

D. G. de Matos et al. / Health 5 (2013) 159-165

160

variable is considered valuable when developing a pro-

gram of strength training. Different periods of time be-

tween sets and exercises have been used in accordance

with the objectives to be achieved.

The doubled-product (or rate pressure product, RPP),

defined by the product of HR and SBP, is a variable

correlated with myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2),

and is therefore considered the most reliable indicator of

the work of the heart during aerobic and anaerobic phy-

sical efforts [12]. The RPP is of great importance for the

prescription and monitoring of these activities in healthy

subjects or in those who have heart disease [12]. Little is

known about the responses of HR and RPP during

different work interval intensities and recovery interval

durations despite the increased frequency of using strength

training in hypertensive patients.

The aim of this study was therefore to analyze the

response of blood pressure, heart rate and rate pressure

product after strength training exercise using different

intensities and recovery intervals.

2. METODOLOGY

2.1. General Protocol

The study consisted of twenty-four male individuals

(25.50 ± 3.72 years, 76.50 ± 4.50 kg) with a minimum

experience of 12 months in ST, released for participation

in the intervention by a physician. All participants re-

sponded negatively to the PAR-Q [13,14]. The volunteers

were informed about the study, and all signed an authori-

zation according to resolution no. 196/1996 of the Na-

tional Health Council, for human experiments, in accor-

dance with the ethical principles contained in the De-

claration of Helsinki (1964, revised in 1975, 1983, 1989,

1996 and 2000), the “World Medical Association”.

Participants were instructed not to consume caffeine or

alcohol for the 24 hours prior to data collection and not

to consume food for the 3 hours before the tests: this fact

being conferred through interview after the tests. In

addition, exclusion criteria were the use of ergogenic

aids and medications that could affect cardiovascular re-

sponses, as well as SBP and DBP higher, than 139 and 89

mmHg, respectively. These criteria were reconfirmed at

each evaluation.

An interview (anamnesis) as well as anthropometric

measurements of weight, height and skinfold were con-

ducted [15]. There were two sessions for familiarization

and two sessions training load determination, conducted

with a minimum of 48 hours between sessions. The train-

ing load was established through the 1RM testing of Leg

Press. The load determination was performed in two days:

one day for testing and the second day for retesting to

determine the reliability of the test. Figure 1 sym-

bolizes the standardization of tests.

2.2. Test of 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM)

The 1RM tests were conducted twice after two fami-

liarization sessions according to the protocol proposed by

Brown et al. [16]. The subjects performed 3 - 5 min of

light activities involving the muscle group tested, and

after 1 min of light stretching, a warm-up of 8 repetitions

at a perceived load of approximately 50% 1RM, followed

by 3 repetitions at a perceived load of approximately

70% 1RM. After a five-min recovery period, the 1RM

test was conducted by adding when necessary 0.4 to 5 kg

to the load until the load could not be successfully lifted.

The total number of attempts was 3 - 5 attempts. The

maximum load that was raised in one motion was re-

corded as the 1RM load.

On the fifth day of the trial, after two familiarization

sessions and two sessions to determine the maximum

load, the SBP, DBP and HR were measured after the

subject was seated for 10 minutes in a comfortable posi-

tion in a quiet environment. After determining the load

for the training, the experimental protocol was conducted

on three additional days, not consecutive, with a mini-

mum duration of 48 hours between sessions.

On the sixth day of trial, SBP, DBP and HR at rest and

after exercise were again measured. Participants, after

measuring variables at rest, performed 3 sets with 10 re-

petitions at 70%, 8 repetitions at 80% and 6 repetitions at

90% of 1RM load in succession [17-20], with sixty

second rest intervals. On the seventh and eighth day of

assessments, training was repeated, but with intervals be-

tween sessions of, 60, 90, and 120 seconds, respectively.

If at least one cardiovascular variable in relation to the

value observed on the first day, the exercise was not per-

formed and the participant was asked to revisit. Through-

out the experiment we adopted a minimum rest of 48

hours between sessions.

Aiming to reduce the margin of error in the test we

adopted the following strategies: standardized instruc-

tions were provided before testing, the subject was in-

structed to technical execution of the exercise, including

Figure 1. Testing days.

D. G. de Matos et al. / Health 5 (2013) 159-165

161

multiple familiarization and testing sessions to reduce

possible effects of learning.

2.3. Measurement of Blood Pressure

BP and HR at rest, during exercise and during recovery

were measured with an aneroid sphygmomanometer

(Tycos®, USA) and stethoscope (Littemann Quality®,

Germany) and with a heart rate monitor (Polar S725X,

Polar Electro OY, Finland), respectively. For the meas-

urement of HR and BP, we took into account the re-

sponses of peaks normally occurring during the last re-

petitions of a series [20]. Thus, data collection occurred

at the end of the last repetition of the leg press exercise

[20].

The BP measurement was performed in the left arm

with the volunteers seated. The proper relationship be-

tween the cuff width and arm diameter arm was main-

tained for all subjects [21] (Kohlmann et al., 1999). Al-

though not the gold standard for blood pressure mea-

surements, our method provides continuous reading of

SBP and DBP, and, in the case of the resistance exercise,

the most suitable noninvasive method to measure blood

pressure [11]. The blood pressure data were recorded in

mmHg. Participants were asked to flex their arm at the

elbow, with the level of their extended hand at the level

of the thorax in order to prevent the data from being

contaminated by gravitational action on the extended arm

[21]. The subjects were also instructed not to contract or

move the arm, hand and fingers where the stethoscope

was attached, as well as to not perform the Valsalva

maneuver. The measurement was performed at rest with

the subject lying supine so there was no body movement

between recordings.

2.4. Statistics

Descriptive analysis were performed, using measures

of central tendency Data were presented as mean and

standard deviation (mean ± SD). Normality of the data

was checked using the Shapiro Wilk test. Two-factor

ANOVA (Intensity and Interval) with Tukey post hoc

was used to test for significance, with an alpha level of p

< 0.05. Data analysis was performed using SPSS for

Windows 15.0.

3. RESULTS

The HR, SBP, DBP and RPP in relation to intensity

and rest interval duration are presented in Tables 1-4,

respectively.

Systolic blood pressure was determined in 24 Parti-

cipants at the end of a strength training protocol con-

sisting of three sets, with 10 repetitions at 70%, 8 re-

petitions at 80% and 6 repetitions at 90% of 1RM load

with either 60, 90 or 120 second rest intervals between

sets.

Figure 2 shows the response of SBP in 24 participants

during strength training at different intensities and inter-

val.

Table 1. Heart rate (beats per minutes) at three intensities and three recovery intervals.

Intensity Interval N Mean ± SD p

70% 24 117.33 ± 18.52 0.98

80% 24 116.42 ± 18.25

90% 24 117.08 ± 17.12

60″ 24 116.21 ± 18.07 0.95

90″ 24 117.92 ± 16.68

120″ 24 116.71 ± 19.06

*p < 0.05.

Table 2. Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) at three intensities and three recovery intervals.

Intensity Interval N Mean ± SD % p

70% 24 121.7 ± 8.68* 0.00 0.039

80% 24 126.3 ± 7.11 3.78

90% 24 127.1 ± 7.51 4.43

60″ 24 127.1 ± 8.07 4.09 0.074

90″ 24 125.8 ± 7.17 3.03

120″ 24 122.1 ± 8.33 0.00

*p < 0.05.

D. G. de Matos et al. / Health 5 (2013) 159-165

162

Table 3. Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) at three intensities and three recovery intervals.

Intensity Interval N Mean ± SD p

70% 24 85.83 ± 18.86 0.10

80% 24 98.33 ± 11.29

90% 24 91.67 ± 27.29

60″ 24 96.25 ± 10.56 0.69

90″ 24 95.42 ± 11.79

120″ 24 84.17 ± 31.06

*p < 0.05.

Table 4. Rate pressure product (mmHg × bpm) at three intensities and three recovery intervals.

Intensidade Intervalo N Média ± DP p

70% 24 14283.75 ± 2520.24 0.70

80% 24 14700.42 ± 2455.22

90% 24 14877.50 ± 2304.00

60″ 24 14696.25 ± 2037.33 0.73

90″ 24 14862.08 ± 2419.73

120″ 24 14303.33 ± 2776.51

*p < 0.05.

Intensity

70%

Intensity

80%

Intensity

90%

Figure 2. Systolic blood pressure during strength training comprised of different intensities

and lengths of rest interval. *p < 0.05 for systolic blood pressure at 70% compared to 80% and

90%.

No significant differences were observed in the fol-

lowing variables: HR—intensity (p = 0.98), interval (p =

0.95) and intensity/interval (p = 1.00); SBP—interval (p

= 0.07), interval/intensity (p = 0.82); DBP, intensity (p =

0.09), interval (p = 0.06), intensity/interval (p = 0.47).

RPP, intensity (p = 0.70), interval (p = 0.73) interval/

intensity (p = 0.97). However, there was a significant

difference in intensity (SBP: p = 0.03).

D. G. de Matos et al. / Health 5 (2013) 159-165 163

4. DISCUSSION

This aim of the present study was to analyze the he-

modynamic responses during resistance exercise per-

formed at different intensities and with different recovery

intervals. The only significant difference observed was in

SBP during strength training at 70% intensity (121.7 ±

8.68, p = 0.039), which was lower than SBP at the

remaining intensities of 80% (126.3 ± 7.11) and 90%

(127.1 ± 7.51).

Although all individuals were able to complete the re-

quired number of sets in each series, shorter recovery

time between them may have contributed to a higher

physiological stress associated with that work intensity

[22]. This could be attributed to two principal mecha-

nisms: one of central and the other of peripheral origin

[23]. The central mechanism involves the radiation of

impulses from the motor cortex to central cardiovascular

control. The peripheral mechanism consists of a reflex

pathway that is yet to be fully described [24]. This

mechanism is originated in the release of metabolites

from muscles that are active (potassium and lactic acid,

for example), increasing the osmolarity of interstitial

fluid [25]. The release of these substances can activate

chemoreceptor), which activates a feedback cardiovas-

cular control center, increasing blood pressure [26,27]. In

addition, the increased blood pressure can be influenced

by the number of motor units required during exercise. In

this case of increased motor unit recruitment, the adjust-

ment would be perceived by mechanoreceptors which,

like the chemoreceptor’s, inform the cardiovascular con-

trol center of the need to modify the cardiovascular re-

sponses in relation to the strength and speed of move-

ment [28].

The increase in SBP occurs during the ST due to con-

siderable mechanical resistance to blood flow during

muscle contraction. The ST increases blood flow, which

results in increased peripheral resistance. This fact causes

increased blood pressure, which corresponds to an in-

crease in cardiovascular work, as evidenced by the in-

creased rate pressure product [29-31].

There are few well-controlled studies of the changes in

BP and HR associated with varying lengths of recovery

interval between sets. The present study found no sig-

nificant difference between protocols of different inten-

sity (p = 0.98), and recovery interval (p = 0.95). It is

possible that heart rate is associated with the exercise

mode due to vascular occlusion being more pronounced

in bilateral exercise. With vascular occlusion, venous

return is reduced. HR should be increased to avoid com-

promising cardiac output [32]. However, there were no

differences in recorded blood pressure or heart rate for

the various series of exercises performed with different

intensity or recovery periods.

In the experiment of Miranda et al. [10], the authors

compared the heart hate, blood pressure and double

product during bench press exercise while sitting or lying

on the bench, with 10 repetitions performed at 65% of

one repetition maximum (1RM). The authors did not

identify significant differences in cardiovascular vari-

ables in their comparison of the performance in the

seated or supine bench press. These results corroborate

our findings in the present study.

Regarding RPP, no significant differences were found

for intensity (p = 0.70) or recovery interval (p = 0.73).

The fact that heart rate does not vary may have influ-

enced the RPP results. Although the rate pressure product

is not valid for estimating the myocardial oxygen con-

sumption in activities of high intensity and short duration,

it can be considered the best indicator of cardiac demand

during resistance exercise [33,34]. However, the beha-

vior of RPP depends not only on the intensity but also

the type and duration of exercise. Until recently, there

was a tendency to consider only aerobic activities safer

for subjects with elevated risk of cardiac complications.

Exercises with weights were contraindicated for this

population [34]. However, some studies show that the

exercise double product with weights is usually lower

than that observed in aerobic activities of moderate in-

tensity [10,35,36].

A limitation of this study is the measurement of BP by

auscultation because of potential appraiser error. The

intra-arterial catheterization, although more accurate in

measuring BP, was not feasible for this study due to the

invasive process and associated high risk for volunteers.

Automated or ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

(ABPM) is another reliable method that we could have

used, although this system was not available for the cur-

rent study.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results, we conclude that the resistance

training conducted at different intensities and lengths of

recovery does not result in measurable differences in

diastolic blood pressure or rate pressure product. How-

ever, systolic blood pressure was increased with in-

creased intensity.

It is therefore suggested that there be further studies

analyzing different methods of strength training to under-

stand the physiological parameters important to deter-

mining a safe and effective physical activity prescription.

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ABBREVIATIONS

ST: Strength Training

HR: Heart Rate

BP: Blood Pressure

SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure

DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure

RPP: Rate Pressure Product

MVO2: Myocardial Oxygen Consumption

1RM: Test of 1 Repetition Maximum

bpm: beats per minutes

ABPM: Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring