New Silk Routes: Pipe Lines and Terminal Markets

doi:10.4236/ojps.2013.31008

Paper Menu >>

Journal Menu >>

Open Journal of Political Science

2013. Vol.3, No.1, 53-58

Published Online January 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojps) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojps.2013.31008

New Silk Routes: Pipe Lines and Terminal Markets

Ayhan Orhan

Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences,

University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli, Türkiye

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Received November 12th, 2012; revised December 14th, 2012; accepted December 23rd, 2012

Energy will be the main determinant of the economic and political relations between the regions and na-

tions during the years to come. The need for energy and the consumption of energy related to this need

continues increasingly. The fossil fuels which meet the energy of many of the growing economies in the

world, especially China being in the first place will continue to be the main energy source until the year

2050. In today’s world, countries are classified as those which have rich reserves of natural resources and

which obtain most of their revenues by selling these natural resources, those which have large amounts of

consumption of natural resources and which import natural resources in spite of their own natural re-

sources and as those which are dependant on outside resources but are on the route of transmission of

natural resources because of their geopolitical positions. Turkey’s place is in the third group. Turkey is

the leading country among the countries which are situated on the route of the transmission of the natural

resources. Turkey is in a geographical region where its neighbors have rich natural resources, and this

geographical region has approximately 70% of the fossil fuels which comprise a great deal of the energy

needs in the whole world. Therefore, Turkey is at the center of the transmission corridor of the natural re-

sources between the north and the south, and between the west and the east. The United States of America

installed itself and settled down in the region at the beginning of the 90’s because of the first Gulf War,

and the United States has taken steps and some measures in order to support the establishment of new

pipeline corridors for the transmission of natural resources. In the background of this support lies the

thought and idea that by virtues of these pipelines the natural resources that exist in the Central Asian

countries should be transmitted to the western world countries and to the international markets without

any need for dependence on Russia. Another idea behind this is to put an end to the dominance of Russia

over these countries.

Keywords: Pipe Lines; Transmission of Natural Gas; Terminal Markets; Silk Route

Introduction

The continuously growing and globalizing world is to come

face to face with a very important issue during the years to

come. The issue which is accepted as being the energy supply

security and sharing the natural resources will make both coun-

tries and multinational corporations encounter come across

each other and it will cause the competition reach utmost levels.

The fact that the fossil origin natural gas and petroleum re-

serves in the growing and developing economies of the world

which meet a great portion of the energy needs of the world are

showing a decreasing trend caused the countries to look for

alternative energy resources. As is well known, the demand for

energy will increase more and more in the developing and

growing economies of the world in the years to come. On the

other hand, however, the alternative energy resources usage

cannot keep up with the technological developments and are

not at a level to meet the sustainable energy needs. Therefore,

the generation and production of natural gas and petroleum still

maintain their importance.

As is proved and well known in the whole world, approxi-

mately 70% of the world’s natural gas and petroleum reserves

are in the regions of the Middle east and Central Asia, where

Turkey is also located (SAE, 2007: p. 2). This closeness to the

sources of natural gas and petroleum reserves increases the im-

portance of Turkey more and more from the geopolitical point

of view. In the region, Turkey is on the main route of these

energy resources which In order that the reserves of the natural

resources in the region which are the subjects of the petroleum

and natural gas trade can be transmitted from their sources to

the consuming countries safely and economically, they have to

be transmitted through Turkey, which is on the main route. This

situation of Turkey is of utmost importance in that the country

has no other alternative in this respect, as a result of which

Turkey has become an important terminal on the route. This

situation is a new development as a result of which Turkey may

assume a new role because Russia and the United States try to

have dominance over the countries which have these resources

and on the countries which demand making use of such re-

sources. This may create a new cold war period between these

two super powers.

This role imposed on Turkey involves a process whereby the

rich natural resources of petroleum and natural gas in the cen-

tral Asian countries can be transmitted to the international

markets in addition to the pipe lines in Russia by virtue of al-

ternative pipelines. In this respect, Turkey will not only con-

tribute to its own economic development, but it will also con-

tribute to the economic development of those countries in cen-

tral Asia by helping them sell their natural resources to the in-

ternational markets in the countries in the western world. The

first priority of Turkey is to have its own energy supply safety.

A. ORHAN

Turkey is dependant on outside sources in terms of natural re-

sources. Therefore, Turkey’s demand for these natural re-

sources is expected to increase in order that the country can

have a sustainable development process during the years to

come in line with its development targets. In this process, Tur-

key aims at having and following a policy of inclination and

tendency towards alternative and renewable energy resources,

and towards increasing the number of alternative countries in

obtaining energy resources and finally towards providing a po-

litical stability in order to have a secure energy policy in the

region from political and economical point of view.

In this context, Turkey determines and fixes alternative en-

ergy corridors by using the advantage of being a transition

country (country of transit) in the transmission of natural re-

sources, and makes new agreements with respect to new pipe

line projects. Turkey is in the center of two different energy

corridors with respect to its geographical position. These routs

which are known to be the West-East corridor and North-South

corridor have such features as being the transition centers of the

pipe lines projects which are expected to make contributions to

the development of the Turkish economy in the future years.

In the first part of the study, some short information will be

given about the strategic importance of the pipeline corridors

through which the subject natural resources are carried. In the

other part of the study some information will be given about the

necessity of how Turkey should strengthen its terminal position

with respect to meeting its need for natural resources which has

been continuously increasing by virtue of the silk route whose

new version is considered to be the new energy pipelines and

which used to be utilized in the trade between the west and the

east. And also some proposal will be given about what should

be done in order that this strengthened terminal position can be

used as a market.

New Silk Routes: Pipelines

As Figure 1 shows the silk route starts in China and is a

world-wide known trade route which goes through central Asia

and through Anatolia by road or through the Mediterranean by

sea to the European countries. The silk route is the one on

which the Romans and Egyptians traveled by caravans from

China back to their countries during the years before Christ

after they purchased valuable Chinese silk in China. The sub-

ject route is a network of routes which was used for very many

years for the trade which developed towards the west. The trade

which was realized by utilizing the silk route also helped the

eastern cultures to be carried to the countries in the western

world. The rich civilization in the east had helped the western

civilizations and the trade between the east and the west to

develop more and more. By this means Europeans had the

chance to know the eastern cultures. The civilization on the

route had the chance to have communication between them-

selves and this helped them know and perceive different parts

and places of the world. By this means the trade between coun-

tries had developed and this was the beginning of the countries

getting closer to each other. (Vikipedi, 2011: p. 1).

The silk route, which starts in China is divided into two

when it reaches the Caspian sea. One of these divided routes is

the one which goes down the Caspian sea in the south by pass-

ing through the Middle East and the Arabian peninsula by land

route and sea route to Egypt and North Africa and then from

there to those countries which are the Mediterranean coast, and

finally to Europe. The actual route is this one. The other route

reaches the countries which have coasts to the black sea by way

of the north of the Caspian sea and then to Anatolia and to

Europe by way of the black sea. And finally the route to Europe

goes by way of Istanbul to the countries in Eastern and Central

European countries through which the Danube and its branches

Figure 1.

The historical Silk Route. Source: access to the web site: http://www.balonturu.net/tarihi-ipek-yolu-balon-turu.html, date

of Access to the site 08.03.2011.

A. ORHAN

pass, and through the rivers of Volga and Don and Dinieper it

reaches the Baltic sea and the Northern European countries

(Scandinavian countries) and to the United Kingdom. Because

of the climate conditions this route became the one which was

used later on. (Vikipedi, 2011: p. 1).

The regions which are on the inbound and outbound silk

route include countries which come into prominence in the na-

tural resource trade today. The need and demand for energy

which is indispensible and irreplaceable for the development of

countries in today’s world is continuing everyday in an increa-

sing pace. Various methods have been used from the days in the

past up to today for the transportation and transmission of the

natural resources between the countries which demand the na-

tural resources and the countries which supplied these natural

resources. For many decades the transportation of natural re-

sources by sea which contributed alt to the welfare of countries

is carried out by means of pipeline transmission in today’s

world. The pipeline transmission and transportation which is

disadvantageous in comparison to other methods of transporta-

tion due to the fact that pipeline transmission has high invest-

ment costs can absorb these high investment costs in a short

time by virtue of the fact that it is speedy, economical, and

secure. The process of transmission and transportation by pipe-

lines which started with short distances at the beginning of the

previous century in certain regions is now carried out with lar-

ger size pipelines and with higher flow rates at long distances

thanks to the continuously developing technology and due to

the increasing consumption.

Pipeline transmission and transportation is a method which is

rather used for the transportation and transmission of petroleum

and natural gas, which are defined to be fossil fuels. The re-

gions of the Middle East and Central Asia which have appro-

ximately 70% of the reserves in the whole world meet 30% of

the petroleum production in the world. One of the most impor-

tant pipelines which are used for transportation and transmis-

sion of these reserves to other countries is the one which ex-

tends to the Persion Gulf from Saudi Arabia, which the big-

gest petroleum producer in the Middle East. And by this means

their petroleum reaches the ports from which it is transported to

the various parts of the world. On the other hand, the petroleum

reserves in Kirkuk and Mosul are transmitted to the ports on the

Mediterranean by way of such countries as Israel, Lebanon, and

Turkey. The reserves belonging to Iran are transmitted to both

Tahran and to the Persion Gulf in the south by means of two

pipelines. Russia, where the most important petroleum reserves

in the central Asian region lie carry these reserves in the region

of Volga-Ural to the north by means of four different pipelines

and then to Europe by way of Lithuania and Poland. The re-

serves in the Caspian region and sea belong to Azerbaijan. The

subject reserves are transmitted by means of two different pipe-

lines. One of these reaches the Black Sea by way of Tbilisi, and

the other pipeline reaches the port in the north of the Black Sea.

(DPT, 2001: pp. 2-4).

The natural gas reserves which have become a substituting

natural resource for petroleum as a result of the continuously

increasing need for energy during the recent decades takes its

place in the world trade by means of safe and speedy transmis-

sion through pipelines. Russia is one of the countries which has

one of the most important reserves in the world. And the coun-

try markets its natural gas reserves by means of transmission to

the European countries through four different pipelines. The

second biggest reserve that meets the natural gas need of the

European countries is in the North African countries of Algeria

and Morocco. These natural gas reserves are marketed and

transmitted to the European countries by means of pipelines

which pass from under the Mediterranean. The third biggest

supplier of natural gas for the European countries is Norway.

And Germany is the biggest importer of the natural gas of this

country. Norway markets natural gas to the European countries

by making use of six different pipelines. Iran, which is one of

the most important natural gas suppliers in the Middle East

transmits its natural gas to the Caspian region through two dif-

ferent pipelines (DPT, 2001: pp. 2-4).

Turkey has an important position in terms of geopolitical

importance. And our country is in the center of the region

which is the most important in terms of petroleum and natural

gas reserves. Turkey is in the middle of an area which is sur-

rounded by the supplier countries of natural resources such as

central Asia in the North, by Iran in the east, by the Middle East

countries in the south, as well as by the European countries in

the west which are the biggest demanders of such natural re-

sources. In other words, Turkey is in the center of the passing

route between the supplying countries of petroleum and natural

gas in the Middle East and the demanding countries in Europe

for such natural resources.

Turkey, Center of Natural Resource

Transportation and Transmission

In the 21st century, in addition to the production of natural

resources, the transmission and transportation of such resources

to those industrialized countries which carry out production

with the support of high technologies have importance. With

the regions which are accepted as “Strategic Terminal Centers”,

the passing route of the natural resource transmission is defined.

The passing routes are made up of either certain warehousing

and maintaining places or intercontinental geopolitical passing

points. The point that these passing routes should have such

qualities as being controllable and auditable by the countries

trading in the natural resources and by the multinational corpo-

rations is an important criteria, because the negative effects of

the political and economic instability that may arise in the

countries which are on the passing route of these natural re-

sources directly influence the international markets. The prices

which are influenced by these instabilities that may take place

cause increasing costs, stagnation, unemployment, and foreign

trade deficits. (Gökırmak, 1996: pp. 154-155).

Turkey is a country which has the potentiality of becoming a

“Strategic Terminal Center” because the country is on the route

between the countries in the Central Asian region and the Mid-

dle East where there are rich natural resources produced by the

countries in the aforementioned regions and the countries in the

European region where there are industrialized nations which

have big demand for these natural resources. Generating poli-

cies for providing security for the supply and trading of petro-

leum and natural gas which are the main products among the

fossil fuels and applying such policies are very important for

Turkey in the medium run and in the long run. In this context, it

is necessary to urgently prepare and actualize projects for the

purposes of transmission and transportation of natural resources.

In order that the security for the supply and transmission of

natural resources can be provided some such criteria as geo-

graphical location, political stability, high consumption, guar-

A. ORHAN

anteeing operations come into prominence. And on the other

hand, warehousing (maintaining) of the natural resources that

are produced, processing them and their transmission become

important. Turkey has the potentiality of becoming one of the

centers of attraction from the point of view of its suitability for

the aforementioned criteria. (Çelepçi, 2000: p. 98).

Turkey has been keeping its position as being a country

which is the “transit pass country” of the region in the trans-

mission and transportation of natural resources. And now our

country has come to position where it can provide the safety

and control of the north-east and east-west corridors by virtue

of the international investments and the agreements that it has

made with various countries. With the start of the process of

establishing the pipeline between Baku and Ceyhan in the year

1996, the countries in the central Asian region aimed at export-

ing their natural resources to international markets without

being economically dependant on Russia. The process which

started with this investment from the political point of view has

become the most important move which would weaken the

dominant power of Russia on these central Asian countries.

Turkey as a Terminal Market

The fundamental target of Turkey in the natural resources

trade is to evaluate its own limited resources and the resources

that it obtained from external sources in a manner in which it

will take into consideration environmental conditions and make

use of them at an optimum level. The effective and safe use of

natural resources make positive contributions to economical

and social development. Turkey is a country which makes con-

tributions to the independence of the central Asian countries in

that it helps these central Asian countries export their natural

resources safely to the export markets. This position has

brought Turkey to a point where it has both gained power and

strength to bargain and it has made it a key country in the trade

of natural resources. In today’s world Turkey’s importance has

increased after the increasing demand for natural resources and

the determination of speedy and reliable routes as a result of

this and making investment agreement at high rates and values.

Turkey has a bidirectional advantage in the transportation

and transmission of natural resources. In the economical mean-

ing the country has a position whereby it can help the transpor-

tation of natural resources in the central Asian countries and in

the Middle East in the east-west corridor to European countries

which have a demand for these natural resources at a value of

three hundred billion American dollars. The country also con-

tributes to the natural gas trade of Russia in the north-south

corridor. Also in terms of politics Turkey is an ideal country in

order to exceed the Ukraine walnut that the western countries

hold in their hands by virtue of the use of the north-south cor-

ridor in addition to making contributions to the natural resource

trade of the central Asian countries by use of the east-west cor-

ridor without being dependent on Russia.

The East-West corridor has an importance in that it has the

goal of becoming an alternative supply center for the Caspian

and Central Asian regions to the other natural resource supply

sources for Europe namely Russia, Norway, and North Africa.

The East-West corridor is called BTC (Aktau-Baku-Tbilisi-

Ceyhan) by use of which the petroleum of Kazakhstan and

Azerbaijan are transmitted to the Mediterranean region. For the

natural gas of Azerbaijan the following pipelines are formed

within the scope of the Shah sea project: Baku-Tiflis-Erzurum,

Caspian-Turkey-Europe, Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum-Greece-İtaly, and

also the following line is formed within nthe framework of the

Nabucco Project: Baku-Tbilisi-Bulgara-Romania-Hungary-Aus-

tria-Germany (Narin, 2006: p. 164).

The North-South corridor is established for the purposes of

putting new supply centers into operation in order to meet the

additional natural gas need of Europe in addition to meeting the

increasing need of Turkey for natural resources. The North-

South corridor is made up of Kirkuk-Yumurtalık for petroleum,

and Russia-Ukraine-Romania-Bulgaria for natural gas; With the

Blue Stream project the line is made up of Russia-Turkey for

natural gas, Iran-Turkey-Germany for natural gas, Iraq-Syria-

Egypt-Turkey-Europe for natural gas, Qatar-Turkey-Europe for

natyral gas, and Turkmenistan-Turkey-Germany for natural gas

(Narin, 2006: p. 164).

As a result of the agreements that have been made with Rus-

sia in the near past the North-South corridor has become a stra-

tegic terminal just like the East-West corridor. Three different

pipeline projects have reached the stage of construction which

have made the North-South corridor important. These pipelines

are made up of Samsun-Ceyhan petroleum pipeline, and Blue

Stream natural gas pipeline. In Table 1 you can find the list of

the active pipelines in Turkey, pipelines the agreements and

constructions of which have been made and started, and those

pipelines which are planned to be made during the years to

come (Yılmaz, 2005: pp. 6-7).

Industrialized countries holding aproximately one-third of

the whole world population consume a portion close to 80% of

the existing natural resources. The increase in production based

intensively on industry constitutes a base for growth rates re-

cently achieved by developed and developing economies. De-

mand increase in relation with natural resources required to

meet the needs for raw materials supporting intensive produc-

tion and realize output, is the most important factor of eco-

nomic growth (Saatçioğlu & Küçükaksoy, 2004: pp. 33-34). In

other words, economic growth and increase in product are di-

rectly proportional to demand for natural resources. When

viewed from this aspect, demand for energy which is a substan-

tial input for economic and social growth, and thereby natural

resources occupy a major portion in the imports of developed

and developing countries.

In today’s world, where demand for energy is increased and

effective utilization becomes a concern, transportation routes

for natural resources and transportation practices which are the

fundamental elements that shape trades between the countries

having natural resources which are one of the primary inputs

for energy and those demanding for the said resources, come

into prominence. While marine transportation is predominantly

preferred in the past, increasing demand started integrating

centers where supply and demand are concentrated with alter-

native routes and pipelines as a new transportation practice.

When maps in regarding pipeline transportation are examined,

you can see that network between supply and demand centers

became global. Routes conveying natural resources of Central

Asian and Middle East countries constitute the major part of the

said routes. Aforementioned pipelines emphasize the impor-

tance of Turkey which has a position that has been connecting

main trade centers for centuries. Silk road which was one of

world’s main trade routes in the first place became recently a

new international route for pipelines employed in natural re-

sources transportation. Turkey is the most important country of

transit in order for such natural resources which are abundant

A. ORHAN

Table 1.

The pipelines and their projects in Turkey which are present, which have come to the phase of construction and in which Turkey is interested.

Present pipelines Pipelines at the stage of being

constructed

Pipelines which are planned for

construction

The pipelines that Turkey is

interested in

 Iraq-Turkey crude oil pipeline

 Batman-Dörtyol crude oil pipe line

 Ceyhan-Kırıkkale crude oil pipe line

 Russia-Turkey natural gas pipe line

 Eastern Anatolia natural gas

transmission line

 Şelmo-Batman crude oil pipeline

 Karacabey (Bursa)-İzmir M natural

gas transmission line

 Çan-Çanakkale natural gas

transmission line

 Russia-Turkey natural gas pipeline

(Blue stream)

 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan crude oil

pipeline

 South stream natual gas pipeline

project

 Konya-İzmir natual gas pipeline

 Turkey-Bulgaria-Romania-Hungary

natyral bas pipeline (NABUCCO

Project)

 Turkmenistan-Turkey-Europe natural gas

pipeline

 Iraq-Turkey natural gas pipeline project

 Egypt-Turkey natural gas pipeline

project

 Georgia-Turkey natural gas pipeline

 Azerbaijan-Turkey (Şhah Sea) natural gas

pipeline project

 Trans-Trakia petroleum pipeline project

 Eastern black natural gas pipeline

project

 Black Sea-Ereğli-Bartın natural gas

pipeline project

 Turkey-Greece natural gas pipeline

project

 Dolphin natural gas pipeline

recently in Central Asia and Middle East as crude oil and natu-

ral gas that are substantial inputs for energy, to be transferred to

the world markets.

In this sense, as we can see from Figure 2, Turkey being in a

position of a transition country is one of the leading country

among those nominated for trade center of natural resources in

the future. Project planning and commissioning new transporta-

tion lines with regard to range of resources of crude oil, natural

gas and their derivative products, supply reliability and consis-

tency, reached the level that impacts policy implementations of

Turkey in the future. Turkey with its existing state reached the

position of important market in the trade of natural resource

reserves covering a large region. Crude oil and natural gas

conveyed by means of pipelines through the borders of Turkey

are capable of meeting demands for natural resources with

agreements entered into.

Overall Assessment and Conclusion

Turkey has lately had a great impact on world politics as be-

ing one of those leading countries in the region. Positive per-

ception of trades established with countries in the region, and

also effects of historical and cultural connections coming from

the past with Central Asian countries have placed Turkey in a

dominant position in the region. Position of being a transition

country regarding natural resources trade expressed in the study,

highlights such characteristics of Turkey that it connects supply

and demand centers in respect of natural resources trade with

each other and that it is a concentration and distribution center

for distinctive transportation practices. Turkey reached such a

position that it can ensure crude oil import through pipelines

from the stand point of its connections regarding crude oil and

natural gas transportations. In other words, transportation of oil

and natural gas with pipelines is a potential trade opportunity

from which Turkey can benefit interests in terms of economy.

In order for Turkey to meet its demand for natural resources

under these prevailing circumstances, it has to specify its poli-

cies and implementation procedures regarding future by con-

sidering national energy policies of supply and demand centers

of natural resources. Turkey, as being in a position with no

significant production of natural resources, should make use of

the advantage of its transit position where major natural re-

sources of the world are located. Aforementioned pipeline pro-

jects have features to support this very important position of

Turkey. Turkey which its characteristic to be the most impor-

tant natural resources market increases by leaps and bounds,

will also reach the position to meet demands for natural re-

sources.

Moreover, Nabucco project solely requires approximately an

investment amount of 5 billion USD and part of its construction

located in Turkey will provide thousands of people with job

and help contribute to national employment. Contractor com-

panies involved in ongoing pipeline constructions provide sig-

nificant contributions to national services sector. Since Baku-

Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline brings in money annually equal to 300

million USD, pipelines planned to be constructed will likely

make significant contributions to national product when they

are actualized.

Also, being integrated with Europe which are the biggest

demand center for Central Asian and Middle East natural re-

sources by way of pipelines passing through its borders and

connected to natural resource market, Turkey will obtain an ad-

vantage during negotiation process.

In the future, pipelines will be the most reliable transporta-

tion means in order to transmit natural resources which are in-

dispensable elements of production and development, from sup-

ply centers to demand centers. By means of international pipe-

lines, Turkey can:

 ensure and secure crude oil imports,

 generate income via pipeline transportation, and

 minimize increasing traffic in Bosporus due to international

treaties and environmental hazards.

Turkey has a “transit country” position due to pipelines

passing through its borders. Turkey will turn out to be a “Ter-

minal Market” in the future with refineries and storage areas

that will be built in the regions known as international trans-

portation centers. In the course of ongoing processes, logistics

centers supporting terminal market must be planned and put

into operation, policy implementations dedicated to the feature

of being an international trade, main line and control center

must be immediately carried out by establishing world crude oil

and natural gas stock market. Turkey may somewhat maintain a

monopoly of being an international center of natural resources

data network by establishing a data center having information

network in a control center that will be built and providing

storage for all data with regard to pipelines.

A. ORHAN

Figure 2.

Crude oil and natural gas supply to Europe from international routes. Reference: www.inogate.org.

Crude oil which is a substantial energy input from the past

until today is about to be replaced by natural gas. In other

words natural gas became a substitute for crude oil. With de-

veloping technology in the middle and long run, new, clean and

sustainable energy resources may minimize the consumption of

both natural resources. This will reduce the volume of crude oil

and natural gas trade. In this respect, economic life of pipelines

which are the key elements of natural resource transportation

and entering into agreements that defines income in accordance

with national policies are of prime importance.

REFERENCES

Çelepçi, F., (2000). Speech on crude oil and natural gas supply, pipe-

lines, strategies. Energy Conference of Turkey World Energy Coun-

cil Turkish National Committee Panel Discussion, Poyraz Ofset, An-

kara.

DPT (2001). Transport specialization commission report, pipeline trans-

portation sub-commission report. Eighth (Five-Year) Development

Plan, Ankara

Gökirmak, M. (1996). Turkey-Russia relations and crude oil transport-

tation: A geopolitical assessment. Changing World and Turkey in It,

Bağlam Yayınları, İstanbul.

Narin, M. (2006). Contributions of energy resources and transmission

lines of Turk Republics in Eurasia Region to Turkey. Türk Dünyası

İncelemeleri Dergisi (Periodical), VI. URL (last checked 17 March

2011).

http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/GENEL/muslume_narin_turk_cumhuriyetler

i_enerji_kaynaklari_turkiyeye_katkilari.pdf

Saatçioğlu, C., & İsmail, K. (2004). Energy intensity of Turkish econ-

omy and impacts of significant energy transmission projects on eco-

nomy. Dumlupınar SBE Dergisi (periodical), 11.

SAE, Strategic Research Institute (2007). Energy chess game of Turkey.

Economy Study Report, İstanbul.

Wikipedi (2011). Silk road. URL (last checked 3 August 2011).

http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0pek_Yolu

Yılmaz, N. F. (2005). An overall assessment on crude oil and natural

gas pipelines. Tesisat Mühendisliği Dergisi (periodical), 87.