Prevalence of Ringing Delusion among Mobile Phone Users

doi:10.4236/etsn.2012.14006

Paper Menu >>

Journal Menu >>

E-Health Telecommunication Systems and Networks, 2012, 1, 37-42

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/etsn.2012.14006 Published Online December 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/etsn)

Prevalence of Ringing Delusion among Mobile Phone Users

Neeraj Kumar, Raees A. Khan

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow, India

Email: [email protected]

Received August 1, 2012; revised September 4, 2012; accepted September 12, 2012

ABSTRACT

The exponential application of mobile technology has led to a concern about implications of electromagnetic radiation

on human health. As we are aware that mobile phone radiates EMR when users communicate to others and that time

subscribers of the device are regularly exposed nearby 40% - 50% of total mobile irradiation. We analyzed the risk of

“Ringing Delusion” among normal users, moderate users and heavy users when compared to low users. Although the

“Ringing Delusion” has not been added in medical terminology but we found frequently such kind of symptoms among

mobile phone users. “Ringing Delusion” may be considered as an imagination of ringing voice from cellular phone. The

risk was also compared between urban and rural, male and female and adult and children population. The information

was gathered through well designed questionnaires for cellular user’s demographic and social characteristics, adopted

safety measures and calling duration. Prevalence of “Ringing Delusion” among rural users was higher than the urban

users. A trend for the risk was also observed in male users in comparison to female. Study may support innovators to

re-examine health effects of mobile phones.

Keywords: Extensive User; Mobile Phone; Ringing Delusion; Survey Study; Questionnaire; Sensitivity

1. Introduction

The mobile communication has been a blessing to all

human beings and exponential application of mobile

phone is a matter of health debate among clinicians and

technocrats. Particularly adolescent and children are

more fascinated to make use of the mobile phones. De-

veloping phase of the children’s brain and its hypersensi-

tivity to microwave tends to concern about the possibili-

ties of the symptoms by mobile irradiation. Ringing de-

lusion is one of the common symptom or sensation which

has been frequently reported by mobile phone users. Al-

though we have not found the term “Ringing Delusion”

in medical terminology but we may define or understand

such kind of delusion as psychological sensitivity in

which a mobile phone user feels ringing voice of the de-

vice suddenly, but in actual there is no ringing of the

device. In the race to adopt new technologies, we often

ignore the ill effects of the technology and do not real-

ize about it. Presently people are adopting the wireless

communication devices for varied purposes. They feel

comfortable when they communicate to others through

wireless communication devices in the air instead of

wire. Most of these devices work in the radio frequency/

microwave range. Microwave may cause thermal ef-

fects at high exposure levels. Research about the possi-

bility of radiofrequency fields, associated with mobile

phones indicated to cause other adverse health effects

due to over usage. Our previous study [1] has concluded

that the extensive users, they hold mobile phone for a

period above 3 years, were more attentive for “headache”

symptom in comparison to normal users.

An established effect from mobile irradiation, even

small, could affect public health [2]. The effects of

microwave through the mobile phones may produce ac-

cumulated adverse effects over time. The increasing

popularity of wireless communication/cell phone has

caused a concern over possible adverse effects of this

energy on the human health. Over the past few years,

several studies have suggested that radiation emitted by a

cell phone can interact with brain activity and behavior

[3-7], gene expression and DNA [8-13], cell growth, pro-

liferation and tumours [14-20], hormones, proteins and

enzymes [21-27]. There are studies not support the

health hazard from radiofrequency radiation [28-33],

but this does not prove the non-existence of the hazard.

This paper is an attempt to make the reader aware of

possible threat to human life and ecosystem, caused by

mobile devices and wireless communication systems.

Electric currents exist naturally in the human body and

are an essential part of its physiology. All nerves relay

their signals by transmitting electric impulses. Most bio-

chemical reactions i.e. associated with digestion and

transmission of impulses in brain activities electric proc-

esses. The effects of external electromagnetic fields on

the human body depend on the electromagnetic field

N. KUMAR, R. A. KHAN

frequency and their magnitude or strength. The fre-

quency simply describes the number of oscillations or

cycles per second. At low frequencies electromagnetic

field passes through the body while at radiofrequencies

the fields are partially absorbed and penetrate only a

short depth into the tissue. Low frequency electric fields

influence the distribution of electric charges at surface of

conducting tissues and cause electric current to flow in

the body. Low frequency magnetic field induces circu-

lating currents within the human body. The strength of

these induced currents depends on the intensity of the

outside magnetic fields and the size of the loop through

which the current flows. When sufficiently large, these

currents may cause simulation of nerves and muscles. At

radiofrequencies, the fields penetrate a short distance into

the human body. The energy of these fields is absorbed

and transformed into the moving molecules that result in

a temperature rise. The levels of radiofrequency field to

which people are normally exposed in our environment

are lower to produce significant heating effect. Wireless

communication devices emit radiofrequency radiation

(includes electromagnetic waves, ranging from 300 KHz

to 300 GHz frequencies) and have different interactions

and modulations which give rise to biological effects.

The human body significantly absorbs electromagnetic

radiation (when the frequency exceeds about 15 MHz)

and the rate of absorption varies for different parts of the

body. In the frequency range of 70 - 100 MHz, which

overlaps the TV and FM radio broadcast frequencies, the

body acts as an efficient radiation antenna strongly ab-

sorbing these wave lengths. The different frequencies of

radiofrequency radiation have widely differing wave-

lengths which result in different coupling by the body.

KHz waves are very long, approximately 300 meters and

have maximal coupling. The higher MHz and GHz

waves are centimeters/millimeters in length respectively

and yield exposures in localized deposition areas of skin,

eyes, testis, head or superficial layers of the body. Thus,

energy deposition into the body is complex and varies

across the radiofrequency spectrum. Once radiofre-

quency radiation is coupled to the body, it can interact to

cause biological effects. It is general agreement that if

sufficient energy is absorbed it can cause heating by the

rapidly alternating field agitating dipolar molecules par-

ticularly water and cause deleterious effects like warming

food in a microwave oven. The present safety standards

for radiofrequency radiation are largely based on pre-

venting these effects from heating, the lower frequency

(below to 10 MHz) may cause currents of biological sig-

nificance. In this study we tried to evaluate the risk of the

common sensitivity “ringing delusion” among the normal,

moderate and heavy users when compared to low users in

different ethnicities. Further, to examine the risk of the

ringing delusion among urban and rural, male and female,

adult and children population were the main objects of

our study.

2. Methodology

The risk assessment of the “Ringing Delusion” among

normal users and extensive users was analyzed through a

survey study. Randomly selected 659 mobile phone users

in the country were enquired by survey questionnaire for

their demographic and socio-economic characteristics,

utilization pattern, safety measures, and utilization of the

device.

The questionnaire was pre tested on some individuals

and modifications were done before final administration

to the subjects. The questionnaire was filled by a single

experienced investigator so that there was no chance of

intra observer error. The details of study parameters are

described in Tables 1-3.

3. Data Analysis

The information for each subject from the questionnaire

was transformed into Micro Soft Excel sheet and cross

tabulated using SPSS 15.0 soft ware. The significance

Table 1. Demographic and social characteristics.

S. No.Characteristics Classifications

Male

1. Gender

Female

Primary School

Secondary School

Higher Secondary School

University (UG or PG)

Doctoral

2. Educational Level

Professional Education

(Engineering/

Management/Medical Course)

No Income

≥Rs 5,000

≤Rs 10,000 - Rs 20,000>

3. Income

(Monthly in Rs)

≤Rs 20,000

No of Family Members

No of Mobile Telephone User

No of Teenagers/Children

(Below 20 years)

4. Family Detail

No of Children

(Who has own Mobile

Telephone)

N. KUMAR, R. A. KHAN 39

Table 2. Mobile phones utilization patterns.

S. No. Characteristics Classifications

Non-regular use (<1.5 years)

1. Frequency of use

Regular use (>1.5 years)

≤1.5 years - 3 years>

≤3 years - 5 years>

2. Life-time years of use

≥3 years

Dialed calls

3. Number of calls per day

Received calls

≥1.5 hours

<1.5 hours - 3 hours>

≤3 hours - 5 hours>

4. Hours of use per day

≥5 hours

Ringing mode

Vibration mode

5. Mode of use

Both (Ringing + Vibration) Mode

GSM handset

CDMA handset

6. Technology used in

cellular telephone

Both (GSM + CDMA) handset

prevalence of signs and symptoms in relation to age, sex

and duration of use of mobile phones was tested using

Chi Square Test. Fisher’s exact test was used where ex-

pected cell frequencies were less than five. The level of

significance was considered for P < 0.05.

4. Results

In this study, randomly selected 659 mobile phone users

of age, from 14 to 62 years, were enquired as per de-

signed questionnaire. Ringing delusion may realize a

delusion of ringing voice from mobile phones but in real-

ity there were no ringing from the device at same time. In

point of fact the term ‘ringing delusion’ was adopted

only in case of mobile phone users. Near one fourth

participants (163) of the survey were found to be associ-

ated with self reported ringing delusion (Table 4). Preva-

lence of ringing delusion among 659 mobile phone users

was analyzed among NU, MU and HU when compared

to LU. Number of mobile phone users belonging to LU,

NU, MU & HU were 217 (32.9%), 140 (21.2%), 209

(31.7%) & 93 (14.1%) respectively. Overall ringing de

lusion was associated to 24.4% of LU, 22.1% of NU,

24.4% of MU and 30.1% of HU. The significant associa

tion was not found within these individual groups in

Table 3. Adopted safety measures.

S. No.Characteristics Classifications

Left ear side

1. Which ear side user holds

their cell phone during call? Right ear side

Ear phone

Blue tooth

Speaker mode

2. Do you use safety device

during talking on mob phone?

No device

Mobile holder in belt

Left side shirt pocket

Right side shirt pocket

Left side pant pocket

Right side pant pocket

Hanging in neck

3. Where you hold your mobile

phone generally?

In bag

4. Do you switch off your

mobile phone in nights? Yes/No

5. Do you keep your mobile

phone near head during sleep? Yes/No

overall analysis for ringing delusion. The similar results

were found in male, female and children population

when compared to each other. The children participants

in this study were found inadequate. Only 35 children

mobile phone users participated in the survey and 5 users

of them were only reported ringing delusion. Further-

more, there was no significant association found for

ringing delusion among all groups of children and adult

users. Also, no risk was observed among urban and rural

users for ringing delusion. However, a trend was ob-

served within HU of urban areas (0.098) when compared

to LU of same ethnicity (Table 4). Consequently study

revealed that there was no association found for the

symptom ringing delusion among mobile phone users in

Indian population. But study should reexamine in differ-

ent ethnicities among similar population.

5. Conclusions

We can intensify this research for the ringing delusion

as:

1) Prevalence of ringing delusion was higher in rural

than the urban mobile phone users but a trend for the risk

of symptom was found in male mobile phone users when

compared to female mobile phone users.

2) Prevalence of ringing delusion was higher in rural.

Than the urban mobile phone users but a trend for the

risk of symptom was found in male mobile phone users

adult mobile phone users.

3) Prevalence of ringing delusion was higher in rural

N. KUMAR, R. A. KHAN

Table 4. Prevalence of ringing delusion.

Participants Low User Normal User Moderate User Heavy User

MP users (659) 217 (32.9%) 140 (21.2%) 209 (31.7%) 93 (14.1%)

Cases of Ringing

Delusion (163) 53 (24.4%) 31 (22.1%) 51 (24.4%) 28 (30.1%)

P-value - 0.620 0.996 0.297

Overall

OR (95%CI) Reference 0.880 (0.531 - 1.458) 0.999 (0.642 - 1.554) 1.333 (0.776 - 2.289)

MP users (460) 145 (31.5%) 93 (20.2%) 155 (33.7%) 67 (14.6%)

Cases of Ringing

Delusion (121) 39 (26.9%) 22 (23.7%) 41(26.5%) 19 (28.4%)

P-value - 0.577 0.931 0.824

Male

OR (95%CI) Reference 0.842 (0.461 - 1.539) 0.978 (0.586 - 1.631) 1.076 (0.564 - 2.052)

MP users (199) 72 (36.2%) 47 (23.6%) 54 (27.1%) 26 (13.1%)

Cases of Ringing

Delusion (42) 14 (19.4%) 9 (19.1%) 10 (18.5%) 9 (34.6%)

P-value - 0.968 0.896 0.122

Female

OR (95%CI) Reference 0.981 (0.386 - 2.492) 0.942 (0.382 - 2.319) 2.193 (0.810 - 5.942)

MP users (35) 16 (45.7%) 9 (25.7%) 10 (28.6%) NF

Cases of Ringing

Delusion (5) 4 (25.0%) NF 1 (10.0%) NF

P- value - NF 0.361 NF

Children

OR (95%CI) Reference - 0.333 (0.032 - 3.515) NF

MP users (624) 201 (32.2%) 131 (21.0%) 199 (31.09%) 93 (14.9%)

Cases of Ringing

Delusion (158) 49 (24.4%) 31 (23.7%) 50 (25.1%) 28 (30.1%)

P-value - 0.882 0.862 0.300

Adult

OR (95%CI) Reference 0.962 (0.574 - 1.611) 1.041 (0.661 - 1.639) 1.336 (0.773 - 2.311)

MP users (489) 159 (32.5%) 97 (19.8%) 160 (32.7%) 73 (14.9%)

Cases of Ringing

Delusion (110) 34 (21.4%) 19 (19.6%) 34 (21.3%) 23 (31.5%)

P-value - 0.731 0.977 0.098

Urban

OR (95%CI) Reference 0.896 (0.478 - 1.679) 0.992 (0.580 - 1.695) 1.691 (0.907 - 3.152)

MP users (170) 58 (34.1%) 43 (25.3%) 49 (28.8%) 20 (11.8%)

Cases of Ringing

Delusion (53) 19 (32.8%) 12 (27.9%) 17 (34.7%) 5 (25.0%)

P-value - 0.601 0.833 0.518

Rural

OR (95%CI) Reference 0.795 (0.335 - 1.883) 1.090 (0.488 - 2.437) 0.684 (0.216 - 2.163)

N.B.-LU: Low User (≤500 hours); NU (>500 and ≤1000 Hours); MU (>1000 and ≤5000 Hours); HU (>5000 Hours); MP: Mobile phone; NF: Not Found cases;

Data was analyzed using binary logistic regression test; P-value < 0.05 was considered as significant; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

than the urban mobile phone users.

4) The ringing delusion was complied higher by male

than the female mobile phone users.

5) An association was found for ringing delusion

among mobile phone users who put mobile phone near

head compare to those who did not put mobile phone near

head during sleeping in night.

6) Among urban population, risk for the trend for ring-

ing delusion was observed in HU than the LU.

6. Acknowledgements

We this study was carried out within Major Research

Project under Young Scientist Scheme (CST/D 3558(2);

March 31, 2009) funded by the Council of Science and

Technology, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA on “Symptoms and

sensation due to Mobile telephone Usage among the Ur-

ban and Rural Population of Uttar Pradesh: A Risk As-

sessment”.

N. KUMAR, R. A. KHAN 41

REFERENCES

[1] N. Kumar, V. P. Sharma, N. Mathur, M. Y. Khan and R.

A. Khan, “Prevalence of Headache among Extensive and

Normal Cellular Phone Users,” Journal of Neurochemis-

try, Vol. 110, No. S2, 2009, p. 228.

[2] J. C. Lin, “Health Aspects of Wireless Communication:

Cell Phone Testing and Fundamental Scientific Research,”

ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communica-

tions Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2002, pp. 9-12.

[3] C. Krause, L. Sillanmaki, M. Koivisto, A. Haggqvist, C.

Saarela, A. Revonsuo, M. Laine and H. Hamalainen, “Ef-

fects of Electromagnetic Field Emitted by Cellular

Phones on the EEG during a Memory Task,” NeuroRe-

port, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2000, pp. 761-764.

doi:10.1097/00001756-200003200-00021

[4] C. Krause, L. Sillanmaki, M. Koivisto, A. Haggqvist, C.

Saarela, A. Revonsuo, M. Laine and H. Hamalainen, “Ef-

fects of Electromagnetic Fields Emitted by Cellular

Phones on the Electroencephalogram during a Visual

Working Memory Task,” International Journal of Radia-

tion Biology, Vol. 76, No. 12, 2000, pp. 1659-1667.

doi:10.1080/09553000050201154

[5] N. Edelstyn and A. Oldershaw, “The Acute Effects of

Exposure to the Electromagnetic Field Emitted by Mobile

Phones on Human Attention,” NeuroReport, Vol. 13, No.

1, 2001, pp. 119-121.

doi:10.1097/00001756-200201210-00028

[6] T. M. C. Lee, S. M. Y. Ho, L. Y. H. Tsang, S. Y. C. Yang,

L. S. W. Li and C. C. H. Chan, “Effect on Human Atten-

tion of Exposure to the Electromagnetic Field Emitted by

Mobile Phones,” NeuroReport, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2001, pp.

729-731. doi:10.1097/00001756-200103260-00023

[7] J. W. Smythe and B. Costall, “Mobile Phone Use Facili-

tates Memory in Male, but Not Female, Subjects,” Neu-

roReport, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2003, pp. 243-246.

doi:10.1097/00001756-200302100-00017

[8] I. Trosic and I. Busljeta, “Erythropoietic Dynamic Equi-

librium in Rats Maintained after Microwave Irradiation,”

Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 57, No. 3,

2006, pp. 247-251. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2005.08.002

[9] B. D. Gorlitz, M. Muller, S. Ebert, H. Hecker, N. Kuster

and C. Dasenbrock, “Effects of 1-Week and 6-Week Ex-

posure to GSM/DCS Radiofrequency Radiation on Mi-

cronucleus Formation in B6C3F1,” Radiation Research,

Vol. 164, No. 4, 2005, pp. 431-439.

doi:10.1667/RR3440.1

[10] H. Lai and N. P. Singh, “Interaction of Microwaves and a

Temporally Incoherent Magnetic Field on Single and

Double DNA Strand Breaks in Rat Brain Cells,” Elec-

tromagnetic Biology and Medicine, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2005,

pp. 23-29.

[11] E. Diem, C. Schwarz, F. Adlkofer, O. Jahn and H. Rudi-

ger, “Non-Thermal DNA Breakage by Mobile-Phone Ra-

diation (1800MHz) in Human Fibroblasts,” Mutation Re-

search, Vol. 583, No. 2, 2005, pp. 178-183.

[12] M. Mashevich, D. Folkman, A. Kesar, A. Barbul, R. Ko-

renstein, E. Jerby and L. Avivi, “Exposure of Human Pe-

ripheral Blood Lymphocytes to Electromagnetic Fields

Associated with Cellular Phones Leads to Chromosomal

Instability,” Bioelectromagnetics, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2003,

pp. 82-90. doi:10.1002/bem.10086

[13] R. R. Tice, G. G. Hook, M. Donner, D. I. McRee and A.

W. Guy, “Genotoxicity of Radiofrequency Signals. I. In-

vestigation of DNA Damage and Micronuclei Induction

in Cultured Human Blood Cells,” Bioelectromagnetics,

Vol. 23, No. 2, 2002, pp. 113-126. doi:10.1002/bem.104

[14] L. Hardell, M. Carlberg and K. Mild, “Case-Control

Study of the Association between the Use of Cellular and

Cordless Telephones and Malignant Brain Tumors Diag-

nosed during 2000-2003,” Environmental Research, Vol.

100, No. 2, 2005, pp. 232-241.

[15] S. Lonn, A. Ahlbom, P. Hall and M. Feychting, “Long-

Term Mobile Phone Use and Brain Tumor Risk,” Ameri-

can Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 161, No. 6, 2005, pp.

526-535. doi:10.1093/aje/kwi091

[16] S. Lonn, A. Ahlbom, P. Hall and M. Feychting, “Mobile

Phone Use and the Risk of Acoustic Neuroma,” Epidemi-

ology, Vol. 15, No. 6, 2004, pp. 653-659.

[17] H. C. Christensen, J. Schüz, M. Kosteljanetz, H. S. Poul-

sen, J. Thomsen and J. Johansen, “Cellular Telephone

Use and Risk of Acoustic Neuroma,” American Journal

of Epidemiology, Vol. 159, No. 3, 2004, pp. 277-283.

doi:10.1093/aje/kwh032

[18] L. Hardell, A. Hallquist, M. K. Hansson, M. Carlberg, A.

Pahlson and A. Lilja, “Cellular and Cordless Telephones

and the Risk for Brain Tumours,” European Journal of

Cancer Prevention, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2002, pp. 377-386.

doi:10.1097/00008469-200208000-00010

[19] A. Auvinen, M. Hietanen, R. Luukkonen and R. S. Kos-

kela, “Brain Tumors and Salivary Gland Cancers among

Cellular Telephone Users,” Epidemiology, Vol. 13, No. 3,

2002, pp. 356-359.

doi:10.1097/00001648-200205000-00018

[20] J. E. Muscat, M. G. Malkin, S. Thompson, R. E. Shore, S.

D. Stellman, D. McRee, A. I. Neugut and E. L. Wynder,

“Handheld Cellular Telephone Use and Risk of Brain

Cancer,” The Journal of American Medical Association,

Vol. 284, No. 23, 2000, pp. 3001-3007.

doi:10.1001/jama.284.23.3001

[21] M. Lantow, J. Schuderer, C. Hartwig and M. Simko,

“Free Radical Release and HSP70 Expression in Two

Human Immune-Relevant Cell Lines after Exposure to

1800 MHz RFR,” Radiation Research, Vol. 165, No. 1,

2006, pp. 88-94. doi:10.1667/RR3476.1

[22] M. Simko, C. Hartwig, M. Lantow, M. Lupke, M. O. Matts-

son, Q. Rahman and J. Rollwitz, “Hsp70 Expression and

Free Radical Release after Exposure to Non-Thermal Ra-

dio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Ultrafine Par-

ticles in Human Mono Mac 6 cells,” Toxicology Letters,

Vol. 161, No. 1, 2006, pp. 73-82.

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.08.005

[23] W. Hamann, S. Abou-Sherif, S. Thompson and S. Hall,

“Pulsed Radiofrequency Applied to Dorsal Root Ganglia

Causes a Selective Increase in ATF3 in Small Neurons,”

European. Journal of Pain, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2006, pp. 171-

176. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.03.001

[24] I. Sukhotina, J. R. Streckert, A. K. Bitz, V. W. Hansen

N. KUMAR, R. A. KHAN

and A. Lerchl, “1800 MHz Electromagnetic Field Effects

on Melatonin Release from Isolated Pineal Glands,”

Journal of Pineal Research, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2006, pp. 86-

91. doi:10.1111/j.1600-079X.2005.00284.x

[25] F. Ozguner, Y. Bardak and S. Comlekci, “Protective Ef-

fects of Melatonin and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester

against Retinal Oxidative Stress in Long-Term Use of

Mobile Phone—A Comparative Study,” Molecular and

Cellular Biochemistry, Vol. 282, No. 1-2, 2006, pp. 83-88.

doi:10.1007/s11010-006-1267-0

[26] R. Sarimov, L. O. G. Malmgren, E. Markova, B. R. R.

Persson and I. Y. Belyaev, “Nonthermal GSM Micro-

waves Affect Chromatin Conformation in Human Lym-

phocytes Similar to Heat Shock,” IEEE Transactions on

Plasma Science, Vol. 32, No. 11, 2004, pp. 1600-1608.

doi:10.1109/TPS.2004.832613

[27] A. Di Carlo, N. White, F. Guo, P. Garrett and T. Litovitz,

“Chronic Electromagnetic Field Exposure Decreases

HSP70 Levels and Lowers Cytoprotection,” Journal of

Cellular Biochemistry, Vol. 84, No. 3, 2002, pp. 447-454.

doi:10.1002/jcb.10036

[28] R. Russo, E. Fox, C. Cinel, A. Boldini, M. A. Defeyter, D.

Mirshekar-Syahkal and A. Mehta, “Does Acute Expow-

sure to Mobile Phones Affect Human Attention?” Bio-

electromagnetics, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2005, pp. 215-220.

[29] C. Haarala, M. Bergman, M. Laine, A. Revonsuo, M.

Koivisto and H. Hamalainen, “Electromagnetic Field

Emitted by 902 MHz Mobile Phones Shows No Effects

on Children’s Cognitive Function,” Bioelectromagnetics,

Vol. 7, No. S7, 2005, pp. S144-S150.

doi:10.1002/bem.20142

[30] T. Janssen, P. von Boege, J. Mikusch-Buchberg and J.

Raczek, “Investigation of Potential Effects of Cellular

Phones on Human Auditory Function by Means of Dis-

tortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions,” Journal of the

Acoustical Society of America Children’s Cognitive Func-

tion, Vol. 117, No. 3, 2005, pp. 1241-1247.

doi:10.1121/1.1854331

[31] I. Uloziene, V. Uloza, E. Gradauskiene and V. Saferis,

“Assessment of Potential Effects of the Electromagnetic

Fields of Mobile Phones on Hearing,” BMC Public He a lt h ,

Vol. 5, No. 1, 2005, p. 39. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-39

[32] P. M. Monnery, E. I. Srouji and J. Bartlett, “Is Cochlear

Outer Hair Cell Function Affected by Mobile Telephone

Radiation?” Clinical Otolaryngology & Allied Sciences,

Vol. 29, No. 6, 2004, pp. 747-749.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2273.2004.00877.x

[33] O. Celik and S. Hascalik, “Effect of Electromagnetic

Field Emitted by Cellular Phones on Fetal Heart Rate Pat-

terns,” European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and

Reproductive Biology, Vol. 112, No. 1, 2004, pp. 55-56.