“Doubling” of local photon emissions when two simultaneous, spatially-separated, chemiluminescent reactions share the same magnetic field configurations

doi:10.4236/jbpc.2012.31009

Paper Menu >>

Journal Menu >>

Vol.3, No.1, 72-80 (2012) Journ al of Biophysical Chemistry

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbpc.2012.31009

“Doubling” of local photon emissions when two

simultaneous, spatially-separated, chemiluminescent

reactions share the same magnetic

field configurations

Blake T. Dotta, Michael A. Persinger*

Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Received 5 September 2011; revised 30 October 2011; accepted 12 November 2011

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present experiments was to dis-

cern if the “entanglement”-like photon emis-

sions from p airs of cell cultures or hu man brains

separated by significant distances but sharing

the same circling magnetic field could be dem-

onstrated with a classic chemiluminescent re-

action produced by hydrogen peroxide and hy-

pochlorite. Simultaneous injection of the same

amount of peroxide into a local dish (above a

photomultiplier tube) and a dish 10 m away in a

closed chamber produced a “doubling” of the

durations of the photon spikes only when the

two reactions were placed in the center of sepa-

rate spaces around each of which magnetic

fields were generated as accelerating group ve-

locities containing decreasing phase modula-

tions followed by decelerating group velocities

embedded with increasing phase modulations.

The duration of this “entanglement” was about 8

min. These results suggest that separate dis-

tances behave as if they were “the same space”

if they are exposed to the same precise temporal

configuration of magnetic fields with specific

angular velocities.

Keywords: Photon Emission; Entanglement;

Angularly Accelerating Magnetic Fields; Hydrogen

Peroxide/Hypochlorite Reaction

1. INTRODUCTION

The concept of locality (local causes) requires each

physical event or change in event to have a physical

cause which occupies the immediate space-time of the

effect [1-3]. We have been developing a procedure to

study experimentally the characteristics of nonlocality [4,

5]. When particular temporal configurations of changing

angular velocities of weak magnetic fields are generated

at the same time within two separate rings of solenoids

separated by 10 m simultaneous phenomena that are

congruent with the theoretical expectations for “excess

correlations” or “entanglements” are observed [6]. Meas-

urements in two separate loci that should have been ran-

domly associated were excessively correlated if they

shared the same unique magnetic space. We interpreted

the effect as a transposition of space-time coordinates for

the two distant loci such that they behave as the “same

space” without involvement of classically propagating

electromagnetic fields.

We found that the most robust “excess correlations”

that implied nonlocality required accelerating or deceler-

ating rates of change in angular velocity as determined

by the duration of the magnetic field at each solenoid

within a circular array as they were serially activated.

For example, when two human subjects separated by 10

m shared the same circumcerebrally rotating magnetic

fields the changes in power within specific electroen-

cephalographic frequencies of the person sitting in the

dark reflected the light flash frequency presented to the

other person who was sitting in a closed acoustic cham-

ber in another room [7].

To pursue this phenomenon with more precision, and

fewer organismic complexities subsequent experiments

measured photon emission by a photomultiplier tube

(PMT) from cells in one space within the ring of sole-

noids while light flashes were delivered to cells within

another ring of solenoids. Dotta et al. [5] found reliable

and statistically significant increases (~2×) in photon

emissions (background levels of ~5 × 10–11 W/m2) from

plates of approximately one million melanoma cells

housed in darkness if the other plate of melanoma cells

in the closed chamber was stimulated with light. The

cells housed in the dark and in the other room shared the

same configurations of magnetic fields rotating around

B. T. Dotta et al. / Journal of Biophysical Chemistry 3 (2012) 72-80 73

the plates. The effect was not evident if the light was

flashed without the presence of the shared magnetic

fields with changing angular velocities.

However this excess correlation required two stages

of magnetic field exposure that involved first an accel-

erating rotational field for about 5 min followed by a

decelerating magnetic field for a comparable period; the

“shared photon” effect was evident only during the lat-

ter sequence. Additional research [8] indicated that the

likely source of the photon emissions from melanoma

cells was the plasma cell membrane as it slowly depo-

larized following removal from incubation. There are

multiple hypothesized processes that could mediate this

effect through relatively complex biochemical sequ-

ences including lipid peroxidation, excited triplet state

carbonyls [9] and interactions with oxygen radicals

[10].

In order to discern if this nonlocal photon coupling

could be reproduced with a more direct photon reaction,

we selected a classic physical chemical process: H2O2

+ NaClO → H

2O + NaCl + O2 or more precisely

HOOH + OCl– → 1O2 for generating photons [11]. The

source of the photon has been attributed to the excited

singlet oxygen 1O2. When repeated quantities of 0.1 cc

hydrogen peroxide were injected at fixed intervals

(every 1 min) into the same 6 cc of sodium hypochlo-

rite plates placed over the aperture of the PMT, discrete

reliable spikes with fixed durations (~2 s) in photon

emissions between 10–8 W/m2 and 10–9 W/m2 (or when

the aperture of 1.26 × 10–3 m2 is accommodated, quan-

tum amounts of between ~10–11 and 10–12 J) were ob-

served.

However if both this plate and the plate 10 m away in

an acoustic chamber (and Faraday cage) were exposed to

the same magnetic field protocol as the one that pro-

duced the “double photon” effect in the melanoma cells

[5] and 0.1 cc of hydrogen peroxide was injected into

both plates simultaneously, there was a conspicuous wid-

ening of the duration of the photon emission that oc-

curred reliably for about 6 to 8 min during a specific type

of change in angular acceleration. An example of the

spikes of photon emissions during serial single local in-

jections and the local + nonlocal paired injections are

shown in Figure 1.

The duration that nonlocal + local injections produced

the effect was much longer than the 0.5 msec mainte-

nance of entangled spin states reported by Julsgaard et al

[12] for paired volumes of about 1012 molecules of cae-

sium gas. The effect from local + nonlocal paired injec-

tions compared to single local injections was so qualita-

tively conspicuous we designed a series of experiments

to isolate the important components of the physical con-

ditions that promoted the phenomenon. Unlike the “dou-

ble photon” effect seen with the coupled plates of mela-

Figure 1. Photon emissions (1 unit ~5 × 10–11 W/m2) as a func-

tion of time (in increments of 0.3 s) from injections of H2O2

into NaClO. The narrow spikes occurred during single local

injections while the conspicuously wider spikes occurred dur-

ing the simultaneous nonlocal + local injections.

noma cells, which continually generate photons (espe-

cially after they are removed from the incubator), we

found that the injections of the reactant to produce the

enhanced photon emission during the local + nonlocal

paired injections required simultaneous injections of 0.1

cc into both plates of sodium hypochlorite. Here we pre-

sent the results of our experiments that show the tempo-

ral duration and magnetic field configurations required to

generate the “photon doubling”.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Photon Emission Procedures and

Measurements

The equipment and rooms used for these experiments

were identical to those employed for the tissue culture [4,

5] and human brain [7] studies. There was only one ex-

periment per day which was conducted between 18 and

21 hr local time. A total of 6 cc of refrigerated reagent

grade ≥ 4% Cl) of NaHClO (Sigma-Aldrich) was placed

into each of two tissue culture dishes (Sarstedt, 60 × 14

mm) that were then covered. They were transported to

the experimental room.

One plate (cover removed) was placed over the aper-

ture of the PMT sensor that was housed in a dark room.

The Model 15 Photometer from SRI instruments (Pacific

Photometric Instruments) and the PMT housing (BCA

IP21) for a RCA electron tube had been employed in

other experiments [4,5]. It was connected to the meter

(scaled 1 to 100) whose voltages were recorded by an

IBM laptop computer with a sampling rate of 3 times per

sec. Two methods of calibration indicated that an in-

crease of 1 unit was equivalent to ~5 × 10–11 W/m2. At

this setting the typical background range for the meter

over days was between 45 and 55 units. Within a single

B. T. Dotta et al. / Journal of Biophysical Chemistry 3 (2012) 72-80

hour the range of variation around the central tendency

was between 5 and 6 units.

The PMT sensor was surrounded by an array of 8 so-

lenoids as described previously. A 1 cc plastic syringe

with a 23 gauge needle was inserted into a 0.6 m length

of intramedic tubing. The distal 2 cm of the tubing was

attached to the wooden (cotton removed) center of a Q-

tip to add weight and stability to the end of the tubing.

After 2 cc of 3% H2O2 (purchased from local pharmacies)

was slowly injected through the tubing (outside of the

PMT box) to insure fresh reactant for each trial, the tip

was placed in the middle of the tissue dish containing the

fresh hypochlorite over the center of the aperture of the

PMT (beneath the plate). The box containing the PMT

and the ring of eight solenoids was then covered with

several layers of black heavy cloth. The background

photon emissions for this procedure have been remarka-

bly reliable and stable over the last two years except

during the days that precede major global seismic events.

The second dish, also containing 6 cc of hypochlorite,

was placed in the second circular array of 8 solenoids

that was housed 10 m away in an industrial acoustic

chamber that was also a Faraday environment in another

room.

2.2. Magnetic Field Exposures

Both arrays of 8 solenoids in the different rooms were

connected to custom constructed (US Patent 6,312,376

B1: Nov. 6, 2001; Canadian Patent No: 2214296) units

that controlled the sequential activation of each of the

solenoids. The control units were connected to the same

IBM 286 computer that contained the custom-cons-

tructed software for generating the magnetic fields. The

shapes and intensities of the magnetic fields were com-

pleted by transforming a column of numbers each be-

tween 0 and 256 to between –5 and +5 V (127 = 0 V)

through a digital to analogue converter. The duration

each number (or voltage) that was activated was pro-

grammable and in these experiments was 1 msec. The

duration was selected on the bases of theoretical assump-

tions [3].

On the bases of their effectiveness to produce biologi-

cal responses in human volunteers [13], rats [14], and

cell cultures [15] two “physiologically patterned” mag-

netic fields were employed. Their shapes are shown in

Figure 2. The first frequency modulated pattern was

considered decreasing while the second pattern was con-

sidered increasing. The numbers of points (numbers be-

tween 0 and 256) that composed each pattern was 859

and 230, respectively.

These patterns were continuously presented but were

also rotated to each of the 8 solenoids in a counterclock-

wise (from the top) direction. Each solenoid was sepa-

(a) (b)

Figure 2. The decreasing frequency or “phase velocity” (left)

and increasing frequency or “phase velocity” wave forms that

were generated continuously during the accelerating or decel-

erating angular velocities required to produce the nonlocal +

local “double photon duration” effect.

rated by 45 deg around a circumference of ~60 cm. The

software was constructed to generate two parameters: 1)

initial duration of the magnetic field generation at the

“first” solenoid in the circle, and, 2) the rate of change of

the duration. For the increasing angular velocity (accel-

eration) of 20 + 2 ms, this meant that the duration of the

magnetic field at the first solenoid was 20 ms, and then

decreased to 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, and 6 ms to each of the

successive solenoids before increasing to 20 ms continu-

ally.

For the decreasing angular velocity (deceleration) of

20 – 2 ms, this meant that the duration of the field at the

first solenoid was 20 ms which then increased with each

successive solenoid to 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, and 34 ms.

The time required to deliver the patterned magnetic field

to each solenoid (the port time) was about 200 µs. The

strength of the magnetic field within the center of the

array of solenoids where the dishes containing the sodium

hypochlorite were placed averaged 1 µT (10 mG) as

measured by an AC milligauss meter. Each solenoid was

a pair of reed switches [16] contained within a plastic

cylinder (film canisters) that were connected to its own

custom constructed commutator and both units were

controlled by the same computer at a central location.

2.3. Experimental Protocol and

Nomenclature

The complex magnetic field configurations simulta-

neously generated in both arrays of solenoids involved

two major components. We employed the terminology

from Tu and his colleagues [17] who described that one

of the implications of the photon displaying a nonzero

mass would be to produce a difference between group

velocity and phase velocity. We did not assume that our

utilization of these terms were identities with their infer-

ences but instead served as convenient metaphors for the

application of our procedures to future theoretical pur-

suits.

The first component of the magnetic field configura-

tion was the changing angular velocity of the circular

rotating magnetic field which we considered analogous

B. T. Dotta et al. / Journal of Biophysical Chemistry 3 (2012) 72-80 75

to the “group velocity.” The second was the changing

frequency modulation of the patterned magnetic field

which we considered analogous to the “phase modula-

tion”. We had found by trial and error in the previous

cell-based experiments [5] that to obtain the excess cor-

relation between enhanced photon emission from cells in

the dark and intervals when the other cells in another

room were receiving light flashes both dishes must be

first exposed for about 5 minutes to an accelerating group

velocity (20 + 2) containing a decreasing (Figure 2(a))

phase modulation (AD) followed by a comparable time

of exposure to a decelerating group velocity (20 – 2 ms)

carrying an increasing (Figure 2(b)) phase modulation

(DI). This ADDI sequence was defined as our standard

protocol.

The protocol involved the following sequences. Once

each dish in the two rooms was centered in its array of

solenoids (about 5 to 10 min after removal of reactants

from the stock solutions), 40 repetitions of the AD con-

figuration (about 30 s) were presented to each array of

solenoids to verify the presence of the magnetic fields in

both locations. This was completed by listening to the

sound from a commercial audioamplifier connected to a

telephone solenoid sensor. The sound pattern also al-

lowed verification of the fidelity of the temporal pattern.

After about 2 min, the two experimenters synchronized

their cell phone stop watches to the nearest 0.1 s and then

the DA configuration was again activated.

For the next 6 min during odd minutes (1, 3, and 5) the

experimenter in the PMT room injected 0.1 cc of hydro-

gen peroxide through the tubing. During even minutes (2,

4, and 6) both experimenters in the separate rooms in-

jected 0.1 cc of hydrogen peroxide into their respective

dishes simultaneously. At the end of 6 min, the AD field

was stopped and the DI field was activated from the

computer, which required about 50 s, and occurred con-

tinuously for the next 12 min. Starting at 9 min single

quantities of 0.1 cc of hydrogen peroxide were injected

during the odd minutes (9, 11, 13, 15) and the simulta-

neous “double” quantities at the nonlocal and local dishes

were injected during even minutes (10, 12, 14, 16, 18

min). Each injection by both experiments required ~2 s

and was always verified independently by stopwatches.

As indicated the increased duration of photon emission

occurred only during this second component and during

the local + nonlocal paired injections (Figure 3). Subse-

quent manipulations of the parameters were then de-

pendent upon the results of each triplet of experiments.

2.4. Data Analysis

The primary measure for the photon emission was the

duration of the spike (Figure 1). Each raw data file com-

prising the 3 samples per sec were observed visually. The

Figure 3. Absolute duration for the photon spikes dur-

ing our standard protocol for single (local) and double

(nonlocal + loal) simultaneous injections once per

minute (odd numbers, local injections; even numbers,

nonlocal + local injections) while both plates were

exposed to only the DI phase (control = the dashed

line) or the AD component for 6 min followed by the

DI component for 9 to 22 min.

number of serial samples (~333 ms/sample) from the

time the PMT values deviated by 10 units above the

background baseline and then return to below this crite-

rion was converted to seconds. These values were

strongly correlated with the calculated area under the

curve of the spike (see Figure 4). Because of the con-

venience of employing the spike duration and the ro-

bustness of the visual display, this measure was selected

for analyses.

The means and standard deviations for the 3 local and

local + nonlocal injections during the AD field exposures

and the 5 local and local + nonlocal injections during the

DI field exposures were obtained. Two way analyses of

variance for these values (AD:local, AD:nonlocal + local,

DI:local, DI:nonlocal + local) were completed for each

experiment. One way analyses of variance were also

Figure 4. Correlation between the photon spike duration (in

sec) and the total number of PMT units under the curve of the

spike for events randomly selected from several initial ex-

periments.

B. T. Dotta et al. / Journal of Biophysical Chemistry 3 (2012) 72-80

conducted when appropriate. Effect sizes, the amount of

variance explained, were calculated in order to estimate

the magnitude of the effect. Spectral analyses employed

classic methods. All data were analyzed by PC SPSS 16.

3. RESULTS AND SYSTEMATIC

MANIPULATIONS OF PARAMETERS

3.1. Reliability and Validity of Effect

The means and standard deviations for the durations of

the photon emission for the local (single) injections and

nonlocal + local paired injections for the AD and DI

components for a total of 15 experiments on different

days distributed over a three month period are shown in

Figure 5. Analysis of variance demonstrated a statisti-

cally significant difference [F(1, 71) = 59.81, p < 0.001]

that explained (Ω2 estimates) about 50% of the variance

of the dependent variable. The effects were so large and

qualitatively conspicuous that statistical analyses were

note required to discern them but were included as a

formality.

Because the duration of the photon emission when

both experimenters each injected 0.1 cc of hydrogen

peroxide simultaneously (nonlocal + local paired injec-

tions) were only about 0.65 to 0.69 wider than a single

local injection, twice (0.2 cc) the usual amounts of hy-

drogen peroxide were serially injected once per min into

the dish above the PMT. As can be seen in Figure 6, the

photon duration of the 0.2 cc single local injection did

not differ significantly from the nonlocal + local paired

injection trials when the two experimenters each injected

0.1 cc simultaneously into the dish over the PMT and

Figure 5. Means and standard deviations for the net

increase in duration of the photon spike during the si-

multaneous nonlocal + local injections of 0.1 cc of hy-

drogen peroxide compared to the previous single 0.1

cc (local) injection during the presentation of the AD

(accelerating angular velocity, decreasing phase veloc-

ity) and DI (decelerating angular velocity, increasing

phase phase velocity) periods for 15 experiments.

Figure 6. Mean and standard deviations for the net in-

crease of the width of photon spike when 0.2 cc (dou-

ble the standard amount) was injected locally (into the

plate over the PMT) during the AD and DI durations.

into the dish in another room that shared the same mag-

netic field configuration. We inferred that equivalent

quanta of photon emission from the single 0.2 cc injec-

tion in the dish over the PMT and the two 0.1 cc injec-

tions in separate dishes indicated that the latter was

equivalent to 0.2 cc injected locally.

3.2. Verifying Optimal Magnetic Field

Temporal Sequence and Configuration

We then investigated if the continuous application for

20 min of only either the AD field or the DI field would

produce “double” photon duration that we obtained dur-

ing the nonlocal + local paired injections. There was no

significant widening of the photon spike between the

nonlocal + local and local injections during the 9 to 18

min period, the interval where the effect was reliably

produced using the standard protocol. Presentations of

the DI field first for 6 min and then the AD field after-

wards (reversed sequence) for 9 to 18 min also did not

evoke the effect. Because these results suggested that a

DI configuration must follow an AD configuration, we

first applied the typical AD field for 6 min and then ap-

plied the DI field as usual except that the same patterned

(“phase-modulated”) field was the reversed temporal

order of the 859 points of the decreasing frequency or

“phase” modulation field. In other words, the frequency

or “phase” was now increasing (the reversed direction

for the pattern in Figure 2(a)). As can be seen in Figure

7 the significant increases in the durations of photon

spikes, the nonlocal + local paired injection effect, were

again displayed. These results suggested that the re-

quirement for the AD-DI sequence as an operational

process rather than dependent upon a specific wave form.

3.3. Manipulating the Acceleration and

Phase Modulation Components

To discern if the AD-DI configuration was essential,

B. T. Dotta et al. / Journal of Biophysical Chemistry 3 (2012) 72-80 77

Figure 7. Means and standard deviations for the net

increase in the durations of the photon spike when the

decreasing frequency or “phase velocity” pattern gen-

erated during the accelerating angular velocity condi-

tion was reversed (DI2) so it was displaying an in-

creased frequency or “phase velocity” during the de-

celerating angular velocity condition.

the accelerating group velocity was presented with the

increasing phase modulation (AI) and the decelerating

group velocity was presented with the decreasing phase

modulation (DD). This was the opposite of our standard

protocol where the accelerating packet was associated

with a decelerating phase (AD) and the decelerating

packet was associated with an increasing phase (DI).

There was no statistically significant evidence of the

local + nonlocal effect regardless of the presentation or-

der AI-DD or DD-AI.

To test the importance of the “phase-modulation”

within the group velocity the same accelerating field (20

+ 2 ms) contained a synchronous, sine-wave 7 Hz pattern

(no frequency or phase modulation) and the decelerating

field (20 – 2 ms) also contained the synchronous (sine

wave) 7 Hz pattern. The pattern was generated by con-

verting the appropriate row of numbers that produced the

7 Hz sequence to voltages by the same software and

hardware as the “phase modulated” patterns. Again, there

was no evidence of significant widening of the photon

emission duration during the nonlocal + local double

injection. In all of the above experiments the average

durations of photon spikes during the single (local) injec-

tions in the dish over the PMT did not differ from any of

the other single (local) injections. The mean and SD of

40 randomly selected values from our records for single

injections was 1.92 sec and 0.29 sec (coefficient of varia-

tion = 15%), respectively, which reiterates the precision

of the duration of the photon emission and rate of injec-

tion of reactant.

To verify that the change in velocity of the rotating

magnetic field was important for the 20 + 2 ms (AD) and

20 – 2 ms (DI) group acceleration, the standard protocol

was applied using 20 + 0 ms for both the AD and DI

components. This meant that, with the exception of the

“acceleration” of moving in a circle, the “velocity” of the

changing magnetic field (duration of activation of each

successive solenoid) was constant. There was no signifi-

cant widening of the duration of the spike during the

local + nonlocal paired injections.

To insure that the acceleration component was impor-

tant but was not unique to the 20 + 2 ms and 20 – 2 ms

parameters, the standard protocol was applied using 100

+ 10 ms during the DA component and 100 – 10 ms dur-

ing the DI component, or, 30 + 3 ms during the DA

component and 30 – 3 ms during the DI component. The

phase directions remained the same. For the first pa-

rameter, for the 100 ms base duration, this meant that the

duration of the field at each successive solenoid along

the 8 circularly arranged solenoids changed from 100 ms

to 30 ms during one rotation and from 100 ms to 170 ms

during one rotation, respectively. The widening effect

during the local + nonlocal paired injections was clearly

observed for both the 30 ± 3 ms and 100 ± 10 ms con-

figurations; the latter is shown in Figure 8. These result

reaffirmed the observation that the sequence of an accel-

erating field embedded with a decreasing phase modula-

tion followed by a decelerating field embedded with an

increasing phase modulation was essential for the phe-

nomenon.

3.4. Determining the Temporal Window of

the Effect

In our standard protocol in which we first observed the

local + nonlocal paired injection effect the AD compo-

nent was presented for 6 min while the DI component

was presented for 18 min. To isolate the temporal dura-

Figure 8. Means and standard deviations for the net

increase in the duration of the photon spike when the

same decreasing and increasing frequency or “phase

velocity” fields were employed and the accelerating

and decelerating angular velocity durations where 100

+ 10 ms and 100 – 10 ms instead of the standard 20 +

2 ms and 20 – 2 ms.

B. T. Dotta et al. / Journal of Biophysical Chemistry 3 (2012) 72-80

tion of this “window” for the “doubling” of photon emis-

sion, the duration of the first standard component, AD,

was varied in a randomized order over several days to be:

0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 16 min before the stan-

dard AI field was initiated. The sequence of single and

double injections followed the same procedure as usual:

single injections 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 min after

the beginning of the experiment and nonlocal + local

paired injections 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 min after

the beginning of the experiment. The emergence of the

local + nonlocal paired injection effect was measured by

averaging the duration of those photon spikes and sub-

tracting the values from the previous spike durations of

the local injections. The results are shown in Figure 9. A

statistically significant increase (divide the SD by the

numbers of trials, i.e., 12) in the spike duration during

the DI field when the nonlocal + local injections oc-

curred was evident if only 1 min of the AD field was first

presented. The optimal duration of the AD pre-exposure

before the AI field was presented was between 3 and 6

min. However if the AD field was presented for more

than 8 min, the effect did not emerge even if the DI field

was applied for an additional 16 min.

4. DISCUSSION

The macroscopic demonstration of “excess correla-

tion” between spatial loci from which photons are emit-

ted would have potentially paradigm-shifting implica-

tions for our interpretations of interactions between che-

mical reactions within and without the living cell. The

results suggest that under special conditions two loci

separated by significant distances would become “the

same space”. Living cells and organisms emit photons in

the order of 106 photons/m2·s [18]. Hippocampal slices

emit photons with power densities of about 10–12 W/m2

Figure 9. Means and standard deviations of the net increase in

duration of the photon spike during the usual DI phase during

nonlocal + local injections as a function of the initial duration

of the first AD phase (the duration “0” means the DI phase was

presented from the beginning).

that are phase-locked to theta activity [19]. Theta activity

(4 to 7 Hz), upon which 40 Hz ripples are carried, is the

intrinsic dominant frequency band for this neuroanatomi-

cal structure that is central to memory consolidation for

the mammalian brain, that is, the representation of spatial

experience.

Human beings instructed to engage in imagery while

sitting in the dark also display reliable increases of com-

parable densities in photon emissions that are strongly

correlated with the quantitative electroencephalographic

activity. The imagery-coupled increases in photon emis-

sion from the right side of the head are about a factor of

2 (doubling) within the order of 10–11 W/m2 or the

equivalent energy associated with about 107 cortical neu-

rons if each generated 10 action potentials per second

with ~2 × 10–20 J per action potential. During the last ten

years several experiments [20] in our laboratory have

shown that the conditions that contribute to entanglement

between two brains, a history of shared spatial proximity,

is associated with coherent experiences and cognitive

processes if both participants shared the same circularly

rotating magnetic fields with the changing angular ve-

locities employed in the present experiment. However

the complexity of these biological systems has made

pursuit of the mechanism difficult.

In the present study a discrete chemical reaction that

produces a reliable, measured amount of photon emis-

sions displayed an even more robust effect that did not

require complex statistical analyses to be discerned.

When two spatially separate volumes of liquid hypochlo-

rite shared the same configuration of angularly acceler-

ating magnetic fields simultaneous injection of 0.1 cc of

hydrogen peroxide into each volume by two experiment-

ers (nonlocal + local) produced a widening of the photon

duration in the volume over the PMT that was equivalent

to injecting twice the amount (0.2 cc) only into this

volume in that location.

4.1. The Precision of Temporal

Configurations

The results of approximately 45 different experiments

over several months demonstrated this “entanglement”:

two separate loci behaved as a single space for the dura-

tion of about eight (8) minutes under optimal conditions.

This first required the application of an accelerating

group velocity within which the phase modulation was

decreasing followed by a second application of a decel-

erating group velocity within which the phase modula-

tion was increasing. The “double photon” effect from

nonlocal + local injections was evident with only 1 min

of exposure to the first application but was maximal be-

tween 3 and 6 min of exposure before the second appli-

cation was presented.

B. T. Dotta et al. / Journal of Biophysical Chemistry 3 (2012) 72-80 79

The data clearly indicated that a change in angular ve-

locity (acceleration) was required; constant velocity

magnetic fields did not produced the effect. In addition,

the phase modulation of the group velocity must be

changing (in the opposite direction to the group velocity)

as well; a fixed frequency “phase” did not produce the

effect. That this combination of temporal processes was

essential rather than the precise 20 msec base rate of the

magnetic field for the first solenoid was shown by the

production of the effect if the base rate was shifted to

100 ms but the vectorial configuration of the group and

phase velocities remained the same.

We selected the nomenclature of Tu et al. [17] so that

potentially convenient applications might be applied to

potential mechanisms. One of the implications of a pho-

ton mass being non-zero is the resulting frequency de-

pendence of the velocity of electromagnetic waves pro-

pagating in free space. Although the magnetic fields in

our study were not propagating but were time-coupled,

spatially rotating, time-varying fields, the application

may be relevant for conditions of non-locality and entan-

glement. The superposition principle of entanglement

can be satisfied if classical phases of interfering electro-

magnetic waves, such as optical holograms, occur [21].

4.2. Potential Origins for the “Temporal

Dilatation”

The challenge is to discern the mechanism that would

accommodate the approximately 8 min duration of en-

tanglement (or the effective transposition of two loci), as

inferred by the “doubling” of the photon spike duration

during simultaneous nonlocal + local stimulation. In ad-

dition to the obvious similarity between the time required

for light to travel between the earth and the sun in com-

parison with the presumed instantaneous effect of gravi-

tational waves [22], there are avenues of investigation for

which experiments can be designed to systematically

manipulate critical variables. For example, with a non-

zero photon mass, the dispersion elicits a frequency de-

pendence whereby the group velocity and the phase ve-

locity differ as we simulated in our experiments. A dis-

persion of velocity of a photon with a nonzero mass al-

lows a potential condition for space-time dilation or con-

traction.

The direct experimental measurements of the disper-

sion of light within the 108 Hz to 1015 Hz range, the in-

crement associated with visible light, showed a relative

difference in velocity of ∆c/c < 10–7 [17]. Using the clas-

sic Lorentz contraction of



11tv

c

the above

difference would be equivalent to about 500 s or 8 min-

utes. This “window” is within the range of the doubling

of the photon effect measured repeatedly in this study.

If we assume there is some scale invariance operating

within the phenomenon then the duration of our infer-

ence of entanglement, about 8 minutes, should be pro-

portional to the maintenance of the 0.5 msec (5 × 10–4 s)

spin state observed [12] for two volumes of caesium gas

each containing 1012 molecules. The number of mole-

cules in the quantum of H2O2 we injected would be 0.1 cc

(10–4 L) × 3 × 10–2 (3%) in water (55 M/L) times 6.023 ×

1023 molecules/M or ~1020 molecules. When the quantum

efficiency and the results of photon scatter are accom-

modated, the numbers of molecules could be ~1018. The

proportional entanglement would be in the order of 500 s

which is within the range of our observations.

From a third perspective with direct connections to

causal quantum gravity [23], the phenomenon observed

may be explored as events within quantum gravity Hil-

bert space and a possible extended particle analogous to

a soliton. El Naschie [24] mathematically reproduced the

result of this assumption and deduced that the mass of

the fundamental exotic transfinite particle would be ~1.8

MeV or ~3 × 10–13 J in a standardized setting. This may

be important because the quantum of photon energy as-

sociated with the 0.1 cc injections was within this order

of magnitude (10–12 to 10–11 J). Although often consid-

ered exotic, gravitational instantons are related to tun-

neling events where there is a sudden appearance of a

microscopic window in space-time.

5. CONCLUSION

The results presented in this manuscript are the most

reliable and internally consistent demonstrations of a

possible macroscopic example of nonlocality and entan-

glement that we have encountered in the laboratory.

Unlike the cell studies where concurrence of photon

emissions between two loci could not be controlled easily,

the photon emissions from H2O2 and NaClO between

two sites could be synchronized. The experimental ex-

amination of the maximum distance between the two

plates sharing the appropriate magnetic configurations

that exhibit the phenomenon is the next logical step.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Dr. W. E Bosarge, Jr, Chairman, Quantlab LLC for finan-

cial support and Viger M. Persinger for technical comments.

REFERENCES

[1] Stapp, H. (2009) Nonlocality. In: Greenberger, D., Hent-

schel, K. and Weinert, F., Eds., Compendium of Quantum

Physics, Springer, Berlin, 404-410.

[2] Persinger, M.A. and Lavallee, C.F. (2010) Theoretical and

experimental evidence of macroscopic entanglement be-

tween human brain activity and photon emissions: Impli-

B. T. Dotta et al. / Journal of Biophysical Chemistry 3 (2012) 72-80

cations for quantum consciousness and future applica-

tions. Journal of Consciousness and Research, 1, 785-

807.

[3] Persinger, M.A. and Koren, S.A. (2007) A theory of neu-

rophysics and quantum neuroscience: Implications for

brain function and the limits of consciousness. Interna-

tional Journal of Neuroscience, 117, 157-175.

doi:10.1080/00207450500535784

[4] Dotta, B.T., Mulligan, B.P., Hunter, M.D. and Persinger,

M.A. (2009) Evidence of macroscopic quantum entan-

glement during double quantitative electroencephalo-

graphic (QEEG) measurements of friends vs strangers.

NeuroQuantology, 7, 548-551.

[5] Dotta, B.T., Buckner, C.A., Lafrenie, R.M. and Persinger,

M.A. (2011) Photon emissions from human brain and cell

culture exposed to distally rotating magnetic fields shared

by separate light-stimulated brains and cells. Brain Re-

search, 388, 77-88.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.001

[6] Arnesen, M.C., Bose, S. and Vedral, V. (2001) Natural

thermal and magnetic entanglement in the 1D Heisenberg

model. Physical Re view Letters, 87, 017901-1/017901-4.

[7] Persinger, M.A., Saroka, K.S., Lavallee, C.F., Booth, J.M.,

Hunter, M.D., Mulligan, B.P., Koren, S.A., Wu, H.P. and

Gang, N. (2010) Correlated cerebral events between

physically and sensor isolated pairs of subjects exposed

to yoked circumcerebral magnetic fields. Neuroscience

Letters, 486, 231-234. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.060

[8] Dotta, B.T., Buckner, C.A, Cameron, D., Lafrenie, R.F.

and Persinger, M.A. (2011) Biophoton emission from cell

cultures: biochemical evidence of the plasma membrane

as the primary source. General Physiology and Biophys-

ics, in press.

[9] Tillbury, R.N. and Quickenden, T.I. (1988) Spectral and

time dependence studies of the ultraweak biolumines-

cence emitted by bacterium Escherichia Coli. Photoch-

emistry and Photobiology B, 47, 145-150.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02704.x

[10] Vogel, R. and Suessmuth, R. (1988) Interaction of bacte-

rial cells with weak light emission from culture media.

Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 45, 93-101.

doi:10.1016/S0302-4598(98)00067-1

[11] Kahn, A.U. and Kasha, M. (1994) Singlet molecular

oxygen evolution upon simple acidification of aqueous

hypochlorite: Application to studies on the deleterious

health effects of chlorinated drinking water. Proceedings

of the National Academy of Sciences, 91, 12362-12364.

doi:10.1073/pnas.91.26.12362

[12] Julsgaard, B., Kozhekin, A. and Polzik, E.S. (2001) Ex-

perimental long-lived entanglement of two macroscopic

objects. Nature, 413, 400-403. doi:10.1038/35096524

[13] Persinger, M.A. (2003) Neurobehavioral effects of brief

exposures to weak intensity, complex magnetic fields

within experimental and clinical settings. In: McLean,

M.J., Engstrom, S. and Holocomb, R.R., Eds., Magneto-

therapy: Potential Therapeutic Benefits and Adverse Ef-

fects, TFG Press, New York, 89-118.

[14] Martin, L.J., Koren, S.A. and Persinger, M.A. (2004)

Thermal analgesic effects from weak, complex magnetic

fields and pharmacological interactions. Pharmacology,

Biochemistry and Behavior, 78, 217-227.

doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.03.016

[15] Buckner, C.A. (2011) Effects of electromagnetic fields on

biological processes are spatial and temporal-dependent.

Ph.D. Thesis, Laurentian University.

[16] Richards, P.M., Persinger, M.A. and Koren, S.A. (1996)

Modification of semantic memory in normal subjects by

application across the temporal lobes of a weak (1 mi-

croTesla) magnetic field structure that promotes long-

term potentiation in hippocampal slices. Electro and

Magnetobiology, 15, 141-148.

[17] Tu, L.-C., Luo, J. and Gillies, G.T. (2005) The mass of the

photon. Reports on Progress in Physics, 68, 77-130.

doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/1/R02

[18] Popp, F.-A., Li, K.H., Mei, W.P., Galle, M. and Neurorh,

R. (1988) Physical aspects of biophotons. Experientia, 44,

576-585. doi:10.1007/BF01953305

[19] Isojima, Y., Isohima, T., Nagai, K, Kikuchi, K. and Na-

kagawa, H. (1995) Ultraweak biochemiluminesence de-

tected from rat hippocampal slices. NeuroReports, 6, 658-

660. doi:10.1097/00001756-199503000-00018

[20] Persinger, M.A., Tsang, E.W., Booth, J.N. and Koren, S.A.

(2008) Enhanced power within a predicted narrow band

of theta activity during stimulation of another by cirum-

cerebral weak magnetic fields after weekly spatial prox-

imity: Evidence of macroscopic quantum entanglement?

NeuroQuantology, 6, 7-21.

[21] Ahn, J., Weinacht, T.C. and Bucksbaum, P.N. (2000) In-

formation storage and retrieval through quantum phase.

Science, 287, 463-465. doi:10.1126/science.287.5452.463

[22] Klocchek, N.V., Palamarchuk, L.E. and Nikonova, M.V.

(1995) Preliminary results of investigations into the effect

of cosmophysical radiation of a non-electromagnetic na-

ture on physical and biological systems. Biophysics, 40,

883-891.

[23] Ambjorn, J., Jurkiewicz, J. and Loll, R. (2004) Emer-

gence of a 4D world from causal quantum gravity. Phys-

ics Review Letters, 93, 13101-13104.

[24] El Naschie, M.S. (2004) Gravitational instanton in Hil-

bert space and the mass of high energy elementary parti-

cles. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 20, 917-923.

doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2003.11.001